"Annunciation and Nativity"

Nicola Pisano

1260

• Roman Couch: hearkens back to Roman artists
• Idealized face and hair=classical, majestic
• Technique: marble, relief panel
• Found on the Pulpit of Pisa Bapistry
• Proto-Renaissance/Late Medieval
• Roman arch and corinthian crowns on pillars
• Marry is in a goddess position (roman couch)
• Panel boards are done in a roman sarcophagus style

Madonna Enthroned

Cimabue

1280-1290

• Halo represents sainthood and Godliness
• Style: Italo-Byzantine
• Technique: Tempera and gold leaf on wood
• Flat and unrealistic-typical (Byzantine style)
• No attempt to recognize individual
• Red=blood of Christ

Lamentation

Giotto

1305

HEADLINER: Giotto establishes the tradition in art for the next 600 years (Pictorial standard)

HL: Monumental Style: The return to spatial realism

HL: Revival of landscape

HL: In W tradition, artists are always in control of what you see, if they are not they aren't good artists

Style: Monumental style, return to individual realism

Technique: Fresco

• Realism=you can see the emotions
• 3d space (makes audience feel they're part of it)
• Diagonal slope of rock points to Christ

Annunciation

Simone Martini

1333

HL: Style=Northern Renaissance=north of the Italian Alps

HL: Naturalism is the detailed observation of nature-an iconography lover's dream

• Technique: Tempera and gold leaf on wood
• International Archaic Gothic (archaic/flat)

Merode Altarpiece

Campin

1425

HL: artists are more concerned w/meaning & significance rather than historical accuracy

HL: N Renaissance art=N of Alps (undisputed masters, from Flanders)

Iconography: Mary now wears red=Christ's blood

Mary on floor=humility

Pot hanging=Mary a vessel

Baby Jesus w/cross through closed window

Joseph making mousetraps=Christ trapping Satan

STYLE: Flemish art

TECHNIQUE: oil on wood panel/triptych

Arnolfini and his Bride

Jan van Eyck

1434

HL: Layered Symbolism=object has more than 1 meaning associated w/it

STYLE: naturalism

ICONOGRAPHY: single candle=GOd is present

dog=loyalty

shoes removed=sacred ground

wealthy and fertility (green and red)

Chandelier=trinity

blue dress=Mary's color (the virginity)

• Not really his "artist" signature...marriage certificate?

Deposition

Roger van der Weyden

1435

HL: Use of one cross is not rep of the cruxifion but about the ONE atonement

STYLE: Flemish art

Iconography: Skull=man (Adam) reps how Christ has overcome

TECHNIQUE: oil on panel

• Intimacy, sensitivty and spirituality
• Parallel body and arms=shared burden
• Mary looks more dead than Christ=Christ is perfect, gone in spirit
• Mary's purpose as mother to Christ=to die alongside w/her son
• Parallel union of arms btwn Christ and Mary=shared pain (intimacy)

Sacrifice of Issac

Ghiberti

1401-1402

STYLE: Monumental Style

TECHNIQUE: Bronze

• Created through a competition
• Isaac looks submissive, noble and honorable
• Foreshortened angel=looks like popping out
• Landscape separates 2ndary and primary figures-creates drama
• Rediscovery of the individual
• Winning competition=chance to create door of the baptistry

St. Mark

Donatello

1411-1413

HL: Establishes art in W culture for the next 600 years

Technique: Marble

• Renaissance first
• Modern adaptation to present circumstances
• Like Polykleitos-the spirit bearer
• Teribilit=look on his face=determined, drive, mission and focus

David

Donatello

1428

HL: 1st life size figure done since antiquity-beginning of the revival of the nude

HL: Commissioned to do the 1st monumental equestrian since antiquity

TECHNIQUE: Bronze

• X-tian POV: Nudity=armor of GOd
• Philosophical POV: Plato believed men and women had masculine and feminie traits

Doubting THomas

Verrocchio

1465-1483

TECHNIQUE: Bronze

• Lower leaf=high relief
• Brings grace to Donatello's monumental style
• Physical grace of Christ=spiritual grace

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Dome of FLorence Cathedral

Brunelleschi

1417-1436

HL: Brunelleschi is responsibile for the Renaissance perspetival systems

HL: B FINALLY beats Ghiberti!

• 1st dome since antiquity-protoype for all domes
• almost as wide as the Pantheon
• dome w/in dome-maintain stress of weight
• Invented the hoist to get materials up
• Gothic ribs are moved to the outside (archaic gothic elements)
• Herringbone brickwork instead of tradition-interweaving bricks help maintain the weight
• Establishes his international reputation for all time

The Holy Trinity

Massacio

1425

• 1st to use the perspective that would be commonplace S of the Italian Alps Venier=1 point perspective
• Invented by Brunelleschi-linear perspective
• Dove is NOT a collar, linear progress=father, the son the holgy ghost
• Uses the donors to focus in on the subject
• One cross=one atonement
• Christ on cross; held by father

Annunciation

Fra Angelica

1430

Wall in Garden=Mary's virginity

Style: Naturalims (flowers correct)

Technique: Fresco

• Top of the stairs-different perspective
• Halo and disproportionate=frames the characters in the painting-adds a sense of serenity and grace

Baptism of Christ

Francesca

1445

Style: Surreal

Technique: tempera on wood

• Tree=same color as Christ
• Use of geometry: tree splits painting into 1/3
• heaven and earth come together in Christ
• 2 intersecting circles represent heaven and Earth and Christ=God is w/us on Earth aka Immanuel

• [image]

Pimravera

Botticelli

1482

Allegorical-human figure used to represent an abstract idea-Northern

Naturalism: flowers botanically correct

• Celebrates love and spring w/Venus and cupid @ the center

Madonna (Virgin of the Rocks)

Leonardo da Vinci

1483

HL: SFUMATO: 1/2 lighted face-uses color and light not harsh lines

HL: Pyramid/triangle will be perfectly balance and stable format the cave like grotto; strange rocks, extraoridnary enviro (represents Godliness)

TECHNIQUE: oil on wood

• Pyramidal group, atmospheric perspective

Madonna in the Meadow

Raphael

1505-1506

Poppy=Christ's passion, death and resurrection

Technique: oil on wood

Intiamcy, spirituality and sfumato

Pieta

Michelangelo

1498-1500

HL: Critizied becuase Mary looks so young (symbolizes purity is evergreen)

HL: his whole life searching for the right way to represent the bond btwn mother and circle

TECHNIQUE: marble

• Signed contract: had to finish in 1 year and make most beautiful artificat in Rome
• Circle btwn Christ and Mary
• Hand at certain angles-Mary asking audience...how close are you willing to come to Christ?
• The only thing Michelangelo signed-regret
• Establishes his reputation-tells the story from the mother's POV
• breaks in the circle=audience comes in

David

Michelangelo

1501-1504

**Polyclitus: weight bearing arm positioned opposite of weight bearing leg, non weight bearing arm opposite of non weight bearing leg (creates an x shape) with head positioned away from the foot

**Know the difference between sensuous and sensual; know the difference betweenreligion and spirituality; know the difference betweennaked and nude

• THESE WORDS ARE NOT INTERCHANGEABLE!!!

• SENSUAL is physically pleasing, erotic; appeals to the animalistic desires and natural man (used to describe the nature of fallen men) synonymous with carnal and devilish; this is where popular American culture is

• SENSUOUS is Godly, graceful, appeals to the higher senses, edifying, purity, 13 article of faith, spiritual

• RELIGION System of beliefs people are ascribed to, methodology, truth, means of standardizing behavior (a mean to an end)

• SPIRITUALITY self and higher sense of purpose, sensitivity to the spirit, character, state of being, at ‘onement’, work of agency!!! self realization, encourages you to be better, exists in every human being; not limited to religion and applies to secular environment

• NAKED: Exposed and vulnerable to the promptings/temptations of Satan; stripped, shame, degrading, demoralizing and dehumanizing, desecrates human condition as God created it

• NUDE: Shameless, uplifting, empowering of the individual, glorifies the human condition, a grand celebration of the potential that exists in man in every aspect to become as God

• **The body becomes the symbol for being the only tangible element for the greek ideal of perfection in body mind and spirit

• Human eye is attracted to anything according to this golden mean

Style: Italian Sculpture

Technique:Marble

Other points: This David is watchful in anticipation of battle with his foe

Sistine Ceiling

Michelangelo

1475-1481

HL: Pope's private chapel; virtually synonmous w/ W civilization

STYLE: painting in Rome

TECHNQIEU: Fresco

• Depicts process of sanctification (reverse order..come in go TOWARDS sanctification) move in from world and closer to God
• Mich hesitant to do project (sculpture...not painter)

• First three paintings have more figures than the rest of the panel

  ●Creation of Adam

  ○Man shares kinship w/God (represented through the horizontal placement of Adam to God) God is hellenistic and Adam is classic Greek

  ○Adam is alive (represented through the absence of discernment-the breath of life)

  ○God is in a hurry to supply discernment (winds, speed)

  ■the gentleness of the touch exchanged between God and Adam

  ○God is doing most of the work (Adam is looking at God with adoration, longing, humbly, trust and love-childlike, looking at father for solution)

  ○God is not an absentee father; he is personally, intimately and individually involved with each one of his offspring

  ○God will move towards you; he is not waiting for you to be righteous enough to part the veil before he has anything to do with you in your life (because people don’t understand the fatherhood of God, believe that they are not good enough of his attention and are falling short and turn away)

  ■God’s face shows determination, he has a mission, care and concern for his offspring

  ○Plan of Salvation is represented in the “Creation of Adam”

  ○Human Brain shape?? (Michelangelo had dissected a brain)

  ■God and the people behind him are enclothed in a brain like shape representing that everything’s existence occurred in the mind of God

  • Sybils was a pagan priestess who testified of Christ

  
   

School of Athens

Raphael

1510-1511

• Includes himself in the painting
• Embodies the essense of high renaissance because of mirrored symmetry
• Paints Michelangelo into the painting IN the stle that Michaelangelo painted (weeping poet)

San Giobbe Altarpiece

Giovanni Bellini

1478-1479

HL: Color 3x Italian painting in venice-grea colorists of the Renaissance-oil paints

• Linear one point perspective
• Solitary figures are not interacting-sacred conversation
• Figures of different people from different times

The Tempets

Giorgione

1510

Painting in Venice

Technique: Oil on canvas

Poetic qualities of the natural landscape dominated by humans

Clouds in the sky-Venetian trait

Feast in the House of Levi

Paolo Veronese

1573

• Formerly known as "Feast of Cana"-contraversial
• NOT the lst supper, didn't want execution or repaint so he renames piece
• Venetian sky (clouds)
• Veronese speciliazed in splendid pagaentry, painted in superb color and set w/in majestic classical architecture
• Huge scale 42 feet long

last Supper

Tintoretto

1592-1594

HL: Painted in a diagonal perspective

TECHNIQUE: oil on canvas

• Known for # of pple-tradition=just Jesus +12
• mannerist pictorial devices to produce oil paintings in view w/emotional power, depths of spiritual vision, glowing veneital color schemes and dramatic lighting
• Symbols foreshadow (Ex: angels coming for Christ)
• Ex: dark background=coming death
• Ex: halo around Jesus=overcome death
• incorporates many mannerist elements (imbalanced composition and visual complexity)

Villa Rotunda: Vicenza Italy

Andrea Palladio

1566-1569

HL: 1st to take the dome out of religious context and apply it to a secular setting-not even done in antiquity

Venetian architecture

• Became known as Palladian Style
• Fashionable in England
• Mirrored/axial symmetry-no antiquity would've done that
• Uses dome to create illusion of size whn seen from the inside

Entombment

Pontormo

1525-1528

HL: Mannerism-1st time art is done for arts sake

HL: Objective is beuaty, line, elegance of form even if it means sacrificing subject matter

Italian Mannerism

Oil on panel

Elongated figures

Christ is not centered

 use of blue and pink to lead the eyes in a circle

Madonna w/the Long Neck

Parmigianino

1535

Italian Mannerism

Oil on Pannel

Religious subject but lacks spirituality

Most people don't relate to the welathy-complete spiritual disconnect

Crowded

Monumental-long neck and pear shaped=unnatural

Isenheim Altarpiece

Matthias Grunewald

1510-1515

HL: Blessings of the atonement: Patients were reminded of the glory of the resurrection

HL: Gives hope and comfort-understanding of Christ's suffering, empathy and perspective to endure YOU ARE NOT ALONE

HL: Symbol of our faith is in the people HINCKLEY

Iconography: Not done in the intellectual Italian way

Lamb=sacrament

Inscription reminds us the sacrifice was not a failure (John the Baptist)

One cross-one atonement

Gore=reminder of voluntary sacrifice

German, oil on panel

• Folded: depicts most glorious resurection scene in W art
• White=purity and light from wounds=once a source of pain, now a source of glory and healing

Church of Gesu Rome

Giacomo da Vignola and Giacomo della Porta

1575-1584

HL: COLOSSAL ORDER-an architectural design in which the columns/pilsaters are 2 or more stories tall

ENTABLATURE: part of a building above the columns and below the roof (3 parts, architrave, frieze and pediment)

PEDIMENT: classical architecture, the triangular space @ end of building-formed by ends of the sloping roof above the colonnade; also an ornamental feature having this shape

Italian Baroque Architecture

• Paraplasters and columns step forward until main door
• Volutes: side scrolly things add upwards velocity to eye movement

Ecstasy of St. Theresa

GianLorenzo Bernini

1645-1652

Italian Baroque Sculpture

• 16th century Spanish mystic-heard voices/saw visions
• Ecstasy=simultaneously combo of extreme emotions pain and pleasure
• Bernini gave voice of ecstasy in the face
• Bernini's opinion=his greatest work
• It appears to float
• Illusion aided by the difference in clothes

• [image]

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

Francesco Borromini

1638-1667

HL: Uses classical elements in an unclassic, organic manner

HL: Movement and fluidity in his work

• Italian Baroque Architecture
• Oval dome was the overnight sensation,
• Borroniniesque style dominated N architecture

Farnese Ceiling

Annibale Caracci

1597-1601

HL: Trompe l'oeil aka Fools the eye=form of illusionistic painting that aims to decieve the viewers into beliving they are seeing real objects rather than a representation of these objects

HL: Caracci family establishes 1st academy if fine arts in W tradition-teches that correct way of painting is combo of Venetian color, Raphael's grace and Michelagnelo's figureal style=academic style)

HL: "Loves of the Gods"=illusionistice, even light source, scenes are compartmentalized in sections, immediate source of inspiration-sistine chapel BUT secular

Title: “Aurora”

Date: 1613-1614

Artist: Guido Reni

Headliner: Academic Style- Venetian color, Raphael's grace (drapes), Michelangelo's figural style(dynamic and muscular)

Iconography: Aurora is parting the clouds so Apollo can bring the sun across the sky

Style: Italian Baroque Painting

Technique: Other points:Ceiling Fresco (Casino Rospigliosi Rome)

Title: “Triumph of the Barberini”

Date: 1633-1639

Artist: Pietro da Cortona

Headliner:

Iconography:

Style: Italian Baroque Painting

Technique:

Other points:●Vivid coloring stands out-illusionistic

●Clearly indicates who is damned (in shadow) and who is saved (in light)

• Criticized because @ different angles ceiling looks like it's going to crash like it's been hit by an earthquake BUT that was the genius of the work...under Christ everything is perfect

Title: “Entombment”

Date: 1603

Artist: CARAVAGGIO

Headliner: No background-just dark (1)

○theatrical spotlight effect: No gradual transition from light to dark; it’s immediate light and dark chiaroscuro (2)Common people; we can relate to the people, they are us! (3)

Iconography:

Style: Italian Baroque Painting

Technique: Oil on Canvas

Other points:●Entombment of Christ” respects all 3 rules established by the Council of Trent

○We’re below the painting-the body of Christ is given to us, He lessens the distance of time

Title: “Las Meninas”

Date: 1656

Artist: Diego Velazquez

Headliner:

Iconography: Mirror in background, is it us? Valezquez? or the king and Queen?

Style: Spanish Baroque Painting

Technique: Oil on Canvas

Other points: Most famous and celebrated works

-Flowers are impressionistic, when you get close, they fall apart

Artist: Peter Paul Rubens

Headliner:

Iconography: One cross one atonement

-Struggling to raise cross because sins are heavy

-Red is a symbol of Christ’s blood

Style: Flemish Baroque painting- International Baroque Style: Caravaggio's chiaroscuro, Venetian color, and Michelangelo's majestic figures

Technique:Oil on canvas

Other points: Work inspired by Caravaggio, Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)

-Light is used to bring attention to Christ as well as the faces and body positions of various figures

Title: “Self Portrait”

Date: 1660

Artist: Rembrandt van Rijn

Headliner: Genre=a style or category of art; also, a kind of painting that realistically depicts scenes from everyday life

Iconography:

Style: Dutch Baroque Painting and Portraiture

Technique: Oil on Canvas

• Other points:Where is the light coming from? (It looks like the light is coming from his face-self illumination) a revelation of the human soul (and no one does it better than Rembrandt-before or since)

• This is nothing more than the painful loneliness of old age-once said by a scholar

• BUT Brother Gough sees endurance, dignity, humility, knowledge from experience resulting in wisdom, exuding the desire for recognition (not in a worldly sense)

• “This is impartial payment for no one could ever pay in full for the many hours I stood in front of a mirror for this painting; for I have learned the most in life from this experience more than any other”

Title: “Kitchen Maid”

Date: 1658

Artist: Jan Vermeer

• Headliner: **How to tell a Vermeer painting:(1) likes light coming from a window on the side; (2) he doesn’t like crowds (largest amount of people in a painting=4), prefers single solitary figures, (3) interiors are sparsely furnished but richly detailed (4) are all very quiet and still

Iconography:

Style: Dutch Baroque Painting and Portraiture

Technique: Oil on Canvas

• Other points: What is she going to do?? Watering the germaniums (VERY ordinary-contrasts w/ “great art” which is monumental and depicts historically important things)

• What does she look like? The figure looks very peaceful despite her “ordinary” calling

• Pitcher: represents what is celebrated about the sacrament

• even though it appears ordinary, he is depicting this event as a sacrimoniously important event= seeing the extraordinary from the ordinary