Term
DEFINE:
Seperate Confinement |
|
Definition
| A penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates, with all activities (including craft work) carried on in the cells. |
|
|
Term
DEFINE:
Congregate system |
|
Definition
| A penitentiary system developed in AUBURN, NY, in which inmates were held in isolation at night but worked with other inmates during the day under a rule of silence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor. |
|
|
Term
List the comparisons between the Pennsylvania and NY (Auburn) Penitentiary Systems
(EXPLAINING: Goal, implementation, method, and activity) |
|
Definition
PENNSYLVANIA (Seperate System):
-
GOAL: Redemption of the offender through the well-ordered routine of the prison.
-
IMPLEMENTATION: Isolation, penance, contemplation, labor, silence.
-
METHOD: Inmates are kept in their cells for eating, sleeping, and working
-
ACTIVITY: Bible reading, work on crafts in cell
NEW YORK (Auburn: Congregate system):
-
GOAL: Redemption of the offender through the well-ordered routine of the prison.
-
IMPLEMENTATION: Strict discipline: obedience, labor, silence
-
METHOD: Inmates sleep in their cell but come together to eat and work.
-
ACTIVITY: Work together in shops making goods to be sold by the state
|
|
|
Term
(The Reformatory Movement)
Define:
MARK SYSTEM |
|
Definition
| A system in which offenders are assessed a certain number of points at the time of sentencing, based on the severity their crime. Prisoners could reduce their term and gain release by earning marks through labor, good behavior, and educational acheivement. |
|
|
Term
(ELMIRA, NY- 1st Reformatory)
Define:
Reformatory |
|
Definition
| An institution for young offenders that emphazied training, a mark system of a classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment.
- Believe in the concept of "Rehabilitation" as primary purpose of incarceration. |
|
|
Term
Define:
The 'COMMUNITY' CORRECTIONS Model |
|
Definition
| A model of corrections based on the assumption that reintegrating the offender into the community should be the goal of the criminal justice system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Offenders committing new crimes after release. |
|
|
Term
Define:
CRIME CONTROL MODEL of CORRECTIONS |
|
Definition
| A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by increased use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision. |
|
|
Term
Define:
EVIDENCE-BASED CORRECTIONS |
|
Definition
| A movement to ensure that correctional programs and policies are based on research evidence about "what works." |
|
|
Term
What laws governed the colonies prior to the American Revolution? |
|
Definition
| Laws and practices transferred from England. |
|
|
Term
| What was the purpose of jails during the colonial period? |
|
Definition
| To hold people awaiting court action or those unable to pay their fines or debts. |
|
|
Term
| What were the main goals of the penitentiary? |
|
Definition
- A secure and sanitary building
- Systematic inspection
- Abolition of fees
- A reformatory regime
|
|
|
Term
| What were the major factors influencing penology in the southern states after the Civil War? |
|
Definition
| B/C of their agricultural economy, the southern states lacked the funds to deal w. the increased number of offenders. The states developed the lease system. |
|
|
Term
| What factors influenced the development of corrections in the West? |
|
Definition
| The sparse population and the passage of the Anticontract law in 1887 restricting employment of federal prisoners. |
|
|
Term
| What was the significance of the Cincinnati Declaration of Principles? |
|
Definition
| It advocated indeterminate sentences, rehabilitative programs, classification based on improvements in character, and release on parole. |
|
|
Term
| How did an Elmira Reformatory offender gain release? |
|
Definition
| By earning marks by working hard, completing school assignments, and causing no problems. |
|
|
Term
| Who were the Progressives and what were their correctional goals? |
|
Definition
| They were reformers whose correctional goals were to use the approaches of social sciences for the individualized treatment of offenders. |
|
|
Term
| What correctional reforms did the Progressives advocate? |
|
Definition
- Probation
- Indeterminate sentences
- parole
|
|
|
Term
| What was the purpose of incarceration, according to advocates of the medical model? |
|
Definition
| The prison was to become a hospital for the diagnosis and treatment of offenders |
|
|
Term
| What were the causes of crime and delinquency, according to the 1967 report of the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice? |
|
Definition
| They are symptoms of FAILURES and DISORGANIZATION OF THE COMMUNITY |
|
|
Term
| What was the mission of community corrections? |
|
Definition
| The reintegraton of the offender to the community through the rebuilding of social ties and securing employment and education. |
|
|
Term
| What societal factors led to the shift to the crime control model of corrections? |
|
Definition
| Due to public concern over rising crime rates and research showing that rehabilitation had little impact on recidivism. |
|
|
