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The origin of the idea of disegno /design in the Italian Renaissance involved imitating the most beautiful things observed in nature, and then selecting and combining the most perfect parts of these into an ideal model. The High Italian Renaissance artist stressed the importance of their intellectual/conceptual work in creating art. |
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The IG consisted of painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics who wanted to challenge prevailing modernist approaches to culture. They introduced mass culture into debates about high culture, re-evaluated modernism and created the "as found" or "found object" aesthetic. They are recognized for “This is Tomorrow” an exhibition from 1956
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A way of dividing design and production, a way to spread information to different designers and easily produced design. The designs could be applied to different objects as well making them not specific to one object. Pattern Book of Balthasar Sylvius, Flanders, 1550s - A publication that can be referenced by different designers, designs in book were not intended for one object specifically |
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Meissen porcelain (Meissen, Germany), 18th century. Monarchical role in luxury production, 1st European hard-paste porcelain, founded early 18th century (1708-1710)—the first produced outside China. It was first made in China around the 7th or 8th century. |
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Story of the Blessed Virgin, Block Book, 1400s. An example of mechanically reproducible text combining illustration and text in a single woodcut block. Block Book (both text and illustration were carved on blocks and now could be reproduced). Woodcut is a type of relief printing; negative areas are cut away from the initial drawing, and remaining raised areas inked. Any color was added by hand.
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metal engraved illustrations allowed much more detail and precision than woodcut illustrations. (See the example of Albrecht Durer). Engraving is an intaglio process: the ink is printed from the depressed areas created by scoring the metal plate with the burin.
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Alois Senefelder, who invented lithography in 1796. Lithography relies on water resistance to grease. Results in more personal, drawn-like image, and softer ‘lines’ than engraving.
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created by committee commissioned French King Louis XIV in 1692. It does not imitate hand lettering like earlier typefaces. Uses mathematical order, proportional grid, drafting instruments to create. Has strong contrasts of thick & thin, overall balance. Very important for its clarity and readability.
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The transformation of printing technology (all metal presses, steam powered press ) allows for huge editions of newspapers & transforms magazines & printing of commercial advertising. |
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Charles Le Brun tapestry for Gobelins, Louis XIV Inspecting the Gobelins Factory, 1663-75
How is this object connected to design culture of its day?
Monarchical role in luxury production, Gobelins established 1662, King Louis XIV, Charles Le Brun, constant innovation & development. |
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Sèvres porcelain produced in France
François Boucher, figure group, 1757
Key developments in early history of modern and industrial design, royal sponsorship of design and production of luxury commodities in Europe, 17th-18th centuries. Porcelain. |
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Cast Iron Garden Chair, designed by German architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, c. 1824. Created from 4 main cast iron pieces
What was innovative about this furniture?
Can be manufactured and mass produced from a mold. Comprised of 4 pieces that can be assembled easily. Reductive approach that makes it last longer and have a longer lasting appeal than other designs that were made for a fashionable era. |
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Christopher Dresser
The Art of Decorative Design
1862
What did Dresser contribute to the design reform movement?
Christopher Dresser- Botanical drawings for Owen Jones, The Grammar of Design, 1856. Botanical illustration that looks more natural. Culmination of illustration. Pages from articles on art botany in Art Journal. 1857-58 Trying to expose readership to scientific understanding of natural form. Inspired by contemporary science. |
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Watercolor of Biedermeier interior, ca. 1828.
What were the concepts behind Biedermeier design?
Linked to the German middle class, Simple neoclassical forms, Emphasis on simple use of materials, comfort, functionality, elegant. Emerging middle class appeal. |
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Augustus Pugin, Interior of St. Giles (Cheadle, England), 1840s. Pugin designed the church as a total unified environment.
What were Pugin’s major ideas?
Contrasted the modern design with older design.
Pugin was saying that art and its educational value must come from a personal place.
Pugins design emphasis on the flatness of surfaces. Designed ceramic dinnerware. Harmonious connection between design and beauty. |
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Henry Cole, Tea Service, 1846 (designed) /1846-1871 (made), Victoria and Albert Museum, London
What were his most important contributions?
Establishes influential art schools. Etruscan - Design integrated with form. Rethinking the structures of his designs. Proponent in using industrial or machines, and is not against machine design. Addresses the idea of the idea of the designer separate from production. |
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Honoré Daumier, The Bill Poster, mid 19th century, lithograph.
How are advances in printing linked to development of modern consumerism, fashion, & appearance of department stores in 19th century?
The modern practice of fashion is born with constantly changing trends, and broader public being made aware of it through fashion magazines
1819 shopping mall opened in Paris near Louvre
New department stores open 1840s
These printed materials responded to and stimulated demand for growing number of consumer goods |
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| Sportsman’s Knife . American, 1851. Exhibited at Great Exhibition, Crystal Palace, London, 1851. With 80 blades engraved with landscape views. |
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Johann Gutenberg, Bible, 1450-56.
Johann Gutenberg published the first bible printed with moveable metal type in 1450-56. |
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Josiah Wedgwood, Agate-Ware Vases, 1770s.
What ideas shape Wedgewood’s designs and market?
Josiah Wedgwood, is a leader of shift from craft to industrial production of ceramics in England. Wedgwood begin to produce green and yellow glaze creamware vessels. Mimic organic forms. Salt glaze process. Useful ware- Wedgwood creamware, 1770s it was easy and inexpensive to manufacture. |
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Michael Thonet, Gilded Laminated
and Steamed-Bent Wood Chair
1843-1846.
What was innovative about this furniture?
1843-1846 marketed in variations of the design. Inexpensive to reproduce. Marketed to the emerging middle class. Durable, and can assume all kinds of shapes with graceful lines. Big influence on Art Nuveau. |
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Page of Matthew Boulton Pattern Book showing silver-plate goods, ca. 1780s.
What manufacturing innovations does Boulton introduce?
Boulton Revolutionizes Metal industry in England. Mass manufacture of decorative objects.
In Birmingham England metal production is on the rise. 1770s started working with James Watt of the steam engine. 1759 Bouton takes over father’s business manufacturing metal buttons and buckles. Increased metal production through innovations. |
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Painting of Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton, London, 1851. Site of the Great Exhibition , sponsored by Prince Albert.
What is the significance of the Great Exhibition for 19th century Western design?
competition as a way for nations to gain prestige for different nations. Prefabricated from different elements. Exhibitions included machines, furniture and art. Cotton machine and also shops that catered to luxury. Punch- Grand huge Crystal fountain. Eclectic tastes. |
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Shaker Bench, 1830
How does this object fit into history of American design?
Simple lines in their design. No extraneous decoration, appreciation for the wood itself and beautifully simplicity designed. Period of influence. Relies on finish rather than ornamental attention. Practical. Shakers produced designs for sale to support themselves. Lebenon NY. some of the best with simplicity and durability. |
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