Term
|
Definition
not alive
strand of dan/rna in protein coat |
|
|
Term
| how do viruses replicate? |
|
Definition
cannot reproduce themselves
enter cell and direct cell to make copies of the virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein coat encasing viral genome
(additional envelope may surround capsid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bilayer membrane of proteins and glycoproteins
possesses surface markers that cause them to be taken in by host cells--very specific for host cells they infect (humans get duck flu from pig...most start in china) |
|
|
Term
| do viruses affect all types of living organisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viruses that kill cells--by directing cell to produce many copies of virus and then lyse to release viruses (LYTIC CYCLE) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viruses that become permanently established parts of genome without killing cells (LYSOGENIC CYCLE) |
|
|
Term
| how much of human genome is viral? |
|
Definition
8%
and under certain conditions, temperate viruses may go viral |
|
|
Term
| why are viruses difficult to fight? |
|
Definition
| because their membranes are similar to host's--use host's system to replicate and can hide inside cells |
|
|
Term
| what do antiviral drugs do? |
|
Definition
| inhibit viral dna/rna replication or are protease inhibitors that block assembly of viral proteins |
|
|
Term
| what do rna viruses use their rna for? (indirectly or directly) |
|
Definition
| -used directly as template for mrna |
|
|
Term
| retroviruses and reverse transcriptase |
|
Definition
| retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to make dna copy of their rna and insert that into host's dna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nitrogenous base
5 carbon sugar
1 phosphate group |
|
|
Term
| dna and rna strand make-up (4 each) |
|
Definition
dna ATCG -- A&T and C&G -- double-stranded, long
rna AUCG -- A&U and C&G -- single-stranded, short
rna uses a ribose sugar instead of a deoxyribose sugar like dna |
|
|
Term
| what forms the stands and bases and cross links in dna/rna? |
|
Definition
| sugar and phosphate groups form the strands; bases form the cross links |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one-ring compounds
C, U, and T |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do purines and pyrimidlines combine? |
|
Definition
| 2-ring bases pair with 1-ring bases |
|
|
Term
| chromosomes are composed of __% dna and __% histones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ball-like structure of dna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unit of dna that tells how to build mrna, rrna, or trna or regulate transcription |
|
|
Term
for protein synthesis...
each sequence of __ nucleotides codes for 1 amino acid |
|
Definition
3
-some tell when to start/stop reading instructions
-proteins are polymers of AAs built one amino acid at a time |
|
|
Term
| what phase does dna replication take place in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is semiconservative replication? |
|
Definition
| a new double-stranded dna has 1 old and 1 new strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uses atp to untwist dna and separate double-strands
forms replication fork and bubble in dna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes new strands by adding correct nucleotides to new strand and proofreading |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dna polymerase corrects mistakes by comparing template with near strand |
|
|
Term
| which direction does dna polymerase synthesize a new strand? |
|
Definition
5' - 3'
synthesizes leading strand continuously toward fork |
|
|
Term
lagging strand
(discontinuous replication) |
|
Definition
| the strand that dna polymerase synthesizes in opposite direction -- then has to skip back to fork |
|
|
Term
| how many replication forks duplicate a dna strand at once? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -telomeres -what is the tag for a telomere? |
|
Definition
| non-coding nucleotides TTAGGC |
|
|
Term
| about __ blocks of TTAGGC (telomere tag) are lost each time a cell divides |
|
Definition
16 (dna polymerase stops copying several hundred bases before end of chromosome)
when a cell runs out of telomeres, it dies.
telomeres are molecular clocks that encode lifespan |
|
|
Term
| when telomeres get short, _____ slows and cell goes into _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only in immortal cells: adds TTAGGCs during each mitosis and telomeres never shorten
(stem cells and cancer cells have telomerase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
kids age at extremely accelerated rate
most die at 13 yrs old of old-age disease lie heart and cancer
have telomeres of 80 yr old at birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
production of mrna copy of a gene
(information flows from dna to rna proteins) |
|
|
Term
| transcription begins when ___ _________ binds to __________ __________ on DNA |
|
Definition
| RNA polymerase; promoter sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common site of promoter location in Eukaryotes located at the edge of gene |
|
|
Term
| which strand is transcribed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what reads the template strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does rna polymerase do as it moves along the template strand and reads each nucleotide? |
|
Definition
| it forms a complementary mrna chain...uses u instead of t |
|
|
Term
dna is read from __ to __
rna is created from __ to __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes the rna polymerase to detach at the end of a gene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| methylated guanine group added to 5' end of mrna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibit degradation
promote translation
is necessary for export of mrna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adenines added to 3' end of mrna at end of transcription |
|
|
Term
| what is the polyA tail important for? |
|
Definition
nuclear export
translation
stability of mrna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dna coding sequences (useful information) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacterial genes contain what type of coding sequences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eukaryotic genes contain what type of coding sequences? |
|
Definition
| both coding and non-coding (exons and introns) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| before mrna transcript leaves the nucleus, introns are cut out and the exons are spliced together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
turns mrna nucleotide sequence into amino acid sequence
begins when mrna binds to ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mrna is moved through ribosome in increments of 3 nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| translocation moves in which direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ nucleotides code for an amino acid that the ribosome adds to the new polypeptide chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to make a polypeptide of n amino acids, it takes ______ GTPs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what brings amino acids to ribosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
start codon
(which codes methionine) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stop codons (when polypeptide is released) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coding block of 3 nucleotides (in DNA or RNA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tells which triplet codes for each amino acid |
|
|
Term
| how many common amino acids are used to make proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| triplets of nucleotides in trna that are complementary to mrna codons and pair with them |
|
|
Term
| each tRNA carries an amino acid specific to its _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are polypeptides formed |
|
Definition
| tRNAs bind one after the other and add their amino acid to a chain (which becomes a polypeptide?) |
|
|
Term
| can tRNAs recognize more than 1 anticodon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can tRNAs recognize more than 1 anticodon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stop codons (their combos) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are the first two nucleotides in a codon the same? |
|
Definition
| yes, they usually are and can "wobble" to bind to codon |
|
|
Term
oldest fossil of a multicellular
what kind of living organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when did the first multicellular animals probably evolve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when was the ice age (ice covered pole to pole) that supports the theory of the Snowball Earth Hypothesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happened for multicellulars when the earth thawed? |
|
Definition
| great radiation of multicellulars (increase in number) |
|
|
Term
| what period did larger, soft-bodied animals appear? and about how long ago? |
|
Definition
| late Proterozoic -- 570 mya |
|
|
Term
| what kinds of large, soft-bodies animals appeared in the late Proterozic (570mya)? |
|
Definition
herbivores (algae-feeders)
filter-feeders
scavengers
NO CARNIVORES |
|
|
Term
| when and where was there a large explosion of animal species? |
|
Definition
| 500-540mya in the Cambrian Seas |
|
|
Term
| what did the co-evolution of predator and prey species lead to? (2 items) |
|
Definition
evolution of exoskeletons with greater mobility
hox genes, which provided for new body plans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control body plan and appendages in animals |
|
|
Term
| where did the most extant (still existent) animal phyla and body plans evolved where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where did knowledge of the Cambrian first come from? |
|
Definition
| the Burgess Shale in Canada |
|
|
Term
| what its the most common burgess shale fossil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where did our chordate ancestors evolve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most likely link to our ancestors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when did large plants and animals colonize land? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals without backbones |
|
|
Term
| what were the first invertebrates? (the phylum) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was the first Ctenophora? |
|
Definition
| comb jellies (rows of cilia that look like combs) |
|
|
Term
| Ctenophora have what type of symmetry? |
|
Definition
| radial or biradial -- nerve net |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sponges
no symmetry, tissues, or organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
jellyfish, coral builders
radial symmetry, epithelium, sac-like gut, nerve net, muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the simplest organism with bilateral symmetry and organs? |
|
Definition
| Platyhelminthes (flatworms) |
|
|
Term
| first phyla to have cephalization and bilateral nerve cord |
|
Definition
| Platyhelminthes (flatworms) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Platyhelminthes (flatworms) |
|
|
Term
| first with tube digestive system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pinworms, heartworms, and Loa Loa (African eye worm) are all...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| first with advanced body cavity? |
|
Definition
| mollusca (clams, squid, octopi) |
|
|
Term
| first with segmentation and closed circulatory system |
|
Definition
| Annelida (earthworms, leeches) |
|
|
Term
| greatest number of species of any animal (over 1 million) |
|
Definition
| Arthropoda (spiders, insects, crustaceans) |
|
|
Term
| have hard exoskeleton, joined appendages, separate feeding, and reproductive stages |
|
Definition
| Arthropoda (spiders, insects, crustaceans) |
|
|
Term
which arthropoda were the most successful?
how many? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which phyla did humans come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
at some time have:
nerve cord
notochord
pharynx
tail |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chordate with backbone and encased brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most numerous and diverse class of vertebrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amphibians
arose from fish
lobe-finned fish first became early amphibians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arose from amphibians
first to not be dependent on standing water |
|
|
Term
| first to evolve cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
birds
arose from dinosaurs
only vertebrates with feathers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vertebrates with hair and mammary
evolved from reptiles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ancestors of mammals
diverged from reptiles about 200 mya |
|
|
Term
| when did an asteroid the size of mt. everest crash into earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where did the mt. everest-sized asteroid crash? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what caused global broiling?
what happened as a result of global broiling and cooled earth? |
|
Definition
an asteroid crashing into the yucatan peninsula
all land animals larger than dogs went extinct...no more dinosaurs...mammal speciation exploded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monotremes
marsupials
placental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embryonic development is in uterus |
|
|
Term
| new trait seen in mammals |
|
Definition
| extended period of care and training of offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how tissues and organs maintain homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| nervous system composed of 2 broad classes of cells which are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functional unit of nervous system that performs information transfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| performs most other functions in the nervous system that the neurons don't |
|
|
Term
what performs the following:
involved in regeneration of cut nerves
immune responses of CNS
insulation and nutritional support of neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what evolved to perform fast communication between the parts of animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| specialized extensions of cell bodies (two types) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry info from soma to other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where dendrites and axons form contacts
where signals are received/transmitted
each neuron received 10^3 to 10^4 synapses from other neurons |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean to say neurons are excitable? |
|
Definition
| they can change their membrane voltage quickly to create and Action Potential |
|
|
Term
| how is an action potential created? |
|
Definition
| flow of Na+ into cell through v-gated na+ channels |
|
|
Term
| charge across plasma membrane (as result of different ion distributions on either side of membrane) during resting potential is |
|
Definition
-55 to -100 mV
-90 mV average |
|
|
Term
| at resting state, where is the NaCl and K+? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pass ions in/out of cell
some always open
some have gates that open by neurotransmitters or are voltage-gated channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pump ions--require energy
na+/k+
ca++ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in cell, how permeable is K+? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in cell, how permeable is Na+? |
|
Definition
not very permeable
most Na+ that leaks into cell is pumped out |
|
|
Term
| most protons inside the cell are too large to escape and have lots of negative charge...as a result, the cell must be balanced with lots of _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why doesn't the Cl- (which is permeable) move into the cell? |
|
Definition
| because it is repelled by proteins in the cell |
|
|
Term
| the negative resting potential results from... |
|
Definition
| a balance between concentration gradient and electrical forces acting on ions (mainly K+) |
|
|
Term
| at the resting potential there are still high concentration gradient and electrical forces acting on ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high concentration gradient and electrical forces acting on Na+ form driving force for the ability of excitable cells to rapidly discharge their Vm to create ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of cells have the innovation of voltage-gated Na+ channels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which gates are opened/closed at RP? |
|
Definition
activation gate--closed
inactivation gate--open |
|
|
Term
| what charge is on the arms of the activation gate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the activation gate remain closed? |
|
Definition
| positive charge on outside and negative charge inside hold the gate closed |
|
|
Term
| how does the activation gate open? |
|
Definition
neuron membrane depolarizes (becomes less negative inside)
positively charged arms are repelled by positive changes inside and attracted by negative charges outside |
|
|
Term
| what happens when activation gate opens? |
|
Definition
| Na+ rushes in and creates an Action Potential |
|
|
Term
| how long does an activation gate remain open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
neuron at RP has a charge of:
at what charge is the threshold reached? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when depolarization reaches the threshold? |
|
Definition
| an Action Potential is irreversibly fired and inactivation gate closes to stop Na+ flow |
|
|
Term
| what happens as the Vm repolarizes? |
|
Definition
| K+ leaves through open channels and Na+ is pumped out |
|
|
Term
| where do APs normally start? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when depolarizing, positive current flows into axon from synapses--what does this cause? |
|
Definition
| v-gated na+ channels at base of axon to open |
|
|
Term
| what myelinates some vertebrate axons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of glia myelinates peripheral and central nervous systems> |
|
Definition
peripheral--schwann cells
central--oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between travel in myelinated and unmyelinated axons? |
|
Definition
| action potentials skip from node to node in myelinated axons...this speeds up conduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when APs jump from node to node in myelinated axons (faster) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ____________________ are just bare membrane...only place that AP occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
autoimmune disease that attacks myelin in Central Nervous System
without myelin, AP conduction is slowed or stopped |
|
|
Term
| synaptic knob (aka synaptic terminal) |
|
Definition
| axon terminal (aka synaptic terminal) |
|
|
Term
| what releases neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is neurotransmitter contained in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when Action Potential reaches synapse, what opens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes exocytosis of neurotransmitter vesicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do channels on the post-synaptic cleft open? |
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter binds to the channels |
|
|
Term
| what happens when neurotransmitters open channels for ions that depolarize? |
|
Definition
| the post-synaptic cell is excited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when neurotransmitters open channels for ions that hyperpolarize? |
|
Definition
post-synaptic cell is inhibited
ex:CL- or K+ channels |
|
|
Term
| classical neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
| 8 small molecule transmitters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
larger than classicals
consist of short chains of amino acids |
|
|
Term
| gaseous neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
NO and CO
vasodilators; viagra and nitroglycerin affect NO levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lipids
synthesized on demand
not stored in vesicles |
|
|
Term
| list the 8 classical neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
Ach
NE
dopamine
seratonin
GABA
glutamate
asparate
glycine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used at all nerve/skeletal muscle synapses and in Autonomic Nervous System and brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
always inhibitory
open Cl- channels
ex: sedative/tranquilizing drugs |
|
|
Term
| what inhibits GABA release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most common NT?
what percentage of brain synapses use it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two NTs that are chemically related |
|
Definition
| dopamine and NE (norepinephrine) |
|
|
Term
| dopamine is involved in what two major systems? |
|
Definition
motor (movement)
control (by brain) |
|
|
Term
| dopamine is involved in what two major systems? |
|
Definition
motor (movement)
control (by brain) |
|
|
Term
| dopamine is involved in what two major systems? |
|
Definition
motor (movement) control by brain
emotional reward--linked to addiction and schitzophrenia |
|
|
Term
| how is schitzophrenia treated? |
|
Definition
| block one type of dopamine receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in ANS and settling level of arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
emotion
mood
behavior
appetite
brain circulation (migraines)
learning |
|
|
Term
| persons with OCD have low levels of...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what drug stimulates seratonin's main excitatory receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many neuropeptides are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are neuropeptides released? |
|
Definition
sides of the synaptic knob
they don't open channels directly |
|
|
Term
| what do neuropeptides do? |
|
Definition
| affect specific behaviors, modulate sensory perception and emotions |
|
|
Term
| how do neuropeptides affect sensitivity of synapses? |
|
Definition
| control number of receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
enkephalins
endorphin
dynorphin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do opiate neurotransmitters do? |
|
Definition
block release of substance P
mediate placebo effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is given for drug overdose?
it is an opiate antagonist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neurotransmitter systems in brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do endocannabinoid transmitters do? |
|
Definition
| regulate activity of other NT systems involved in our experience of novelty and habituation to non-novel stimuli regulate appetite anti-nausea effects |
|
|
Term
| all neurons release a combo of ________ at their synapses at high rates of firing |
|
Definition
| 1 classical and 1+ neuropeptide (except myelinated sensory and motor neurons) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymatic breakdown and reuptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reactivate cholinesterase |
|
|
Term
| what blocks cholinesterase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease is associated with loss of ACh-producing neurons in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you treat Alzheimers? |
|
Definition
| drugs that inhibit cholinesterase |
|
|
Term
| most common mechanism for inactivation of NTs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synaptic knob that releases NT also has pumps that retrieve it |
|
|
Term
| how do addictive substances work? |
|
Definition
| inhibit dopamine reuptake transporter |
|
|
Term
| are neuropeptides inactivated slowly or quickly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is depression accompanied by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what main NTs are involved in depression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do antidepressants do? |
|
Definition
| block reuptake of NE (and some block seratonin reuptake) |
|
|
Term
| what do cocaine and amphetamines do? |
|
Definition
| inhibit reuptake of seratonin, dopamine, NE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors
increase seratonin levels |
|
|
Term
| how many seratonin subtype receptors are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
seratonin reuptake inhibitor
NE/dopamine reuptake inhibitor
seratonin/NE reuptake inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a NT antagonist causes increase in number and sensitivity of receptors for that NT |
|
|
Term
| desensitization/tolerance |
|
Definition
| antagonists cause number and sensitivity of receptors to decrease |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many myofibrils per muscle fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these are full of actin and myosin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are skeletal muscles striated? |
|
Definition
| because myofibrils are precisely aligned |
|
|
Term
| muscle fibers are large and multinucleate because they |
|
Definition
| are formed by fusion of many muscle cells during development--adaptation for generating power |
|
|
Term
| is skeletal muscle excitable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how often is threshold reached when a motor neuron fires? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscle cell RPs and thresholds are like.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thinner of the two filaments in myofibrils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structural protein that anchors actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
functional unit of skeletal muscle
from one z-line to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bind...
ratchet...
unbind...
...of myosin to actin |
|
|
Term
| at rest, what is the position of the myosin head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what breaks the cross bridge and rechecks myosin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what separates myosin from actin?
what causes structural change that rids this separator? |
|
Definition
tropomyosin
4 Ca++s added to troponin |
|
|
Term
at what molarity does the cross bridge cycle begin and continue?
when does relaxation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is Ca++ released from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T-tubules Action Potential causes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mechanical link in T-tubule system... |
|
Definition
| opens Ca++ channels in adjacent SRs |
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle vs. skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
smooth:
no striations
much thinner
single nucleus
involuntary
spontaneously active--no troponin
ANS modulates spontaneous activity
good for slow(10x slower), sustained contractions using less energy |
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