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-King who ruled Uruk between 2700 and 2800
-Introduced as one who has attained supreme knowledge
-His subjects appeal to gods to make an equal, so “Uruk may have peace” |
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-The archetype of the “natural man”
-Early humanity’s struggle to reconcile opposing impulses
-Enkidu “forgot where he was born |
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-keeper of the knowledge deep hidden
-“The plant of life”—“the-old-man-becomes-young again” |
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-Fall of Israel in 722 at the hands of the Assyrians
_ Assyrian forces conquered the northern kingdom and deported many of its inhabitant to other region. |
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| King Josiah‟s reforms in 622 |
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_The Ascension of King Josiah (640-609)
_(1) Called to reinstate exclusive worship of Yahweh
(2) “Discovery” of a “lost” book of the law—what we know as “Deuteronomy |
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-(1) “The second law”—after the Ten Commandments of Moses
(2) Ethical Code of the Deuteronomists
(3) All this optimism shattered in 611 |
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-The Sakyamuni Buddha: Siddhartha Gautama also known as Buddha, the Jataka tales, and the Dharma.
-born about 563 BC in the small tribal state governed by his father in the foothill of Himalayas. |
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| - Buddhist concept regarding individuals who had reached enlightenment but who stayed in this world to help people |
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-Tuṣita is said to be reachable through meditation.
-It is the heaven where the Bodhisattva Śvetaketu resided before being reborn on Earth as Gautama |
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| Four Encounters(Buddha-p9) |
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Definition
-Buddha was in his late twenty.
-Along the road they encountered a man bent over with age.
-A man suffering from disease:swollen,sores
- A corpse being borne on a litter follow by bereaved relatives wailing, tearing their clothes ad covering themselves with ashes.
-A mendicant with upright bearing and a serene and radiant countenance
-Piercing the veil of beauty—his key lesson in impermanence. |
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| Four Noble True(Reading p 37) |
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-The Noble True of suffering.
- The Noble True of the origination of suffering
-the Noble True of the cessation of suffering.
- the Noble True of the way leading to the cessation of suffering. |
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| Law of Dependent Origination (Kohn 16) |
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-states that all phenomena are arising together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect.
-Suffering always dependent on an origin that conditions it |
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-a path of moderation between the extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification.
-the path of wisdom.the path of passion must be in neutral, not against it.
-(1) The allegory of the over-tight string
(2) The rose-apple tree recollection from childhood |
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| Sunyata ( Emptyness) (L4) |
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Definition
-Philosophical paradox of Emptiness or Void.“Form is precisely emptiness, emptiness precisely form”
ii) Metaphor of a “flowing stream”
(1) What is the “form” of a flowing stream?
(2) “Emptiness” is the inevitable condition of every form that exists
The Five Skandhas
(1) Nagasena’s responses to King Menander
(2) The composite self is nothing more than “a pragmatic unity
-Five rivers flowing together in us: the river of from, which mean our body, the river of feeling, the river of perception, the river of mental formations, and the river of consciousness..
-They are empty of a separate self, none of them can be by itself alone. |
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- Giovanni Boccaccio is best a humanist of the Italian Renaissance. Decameron is his famous work.
- written during the plague years between 1348-1353.
-the collection stories intimately between friends while they passed the time away from Florence in the solitude and safety of the country.
-Preemptive measures.
-“lack of regard that citizens and relations showed to each other |
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-a Muslim scholar and physician from Loja,the capital of an important and tenacious Moorish kingdom in southern Spain.
_A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness.
- He rejects the Islamic religious proscription against plague contagion, which was well documented by physicians. |
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-Flagellants—extreme acts of penance.
-its name from the flagella or whips used in penitential ceremonies, revived in response to the arrival of the Black Death. |
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| Pogroms against Jews (L5) |
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Definition
-everywhere flagellants strive to kill Jews, thinking that it pleases God to exterminate them.
-flagellants accused the Jews of well poisoning. |
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| fatwas against flight and isolation |
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Definition
- Fatwas for fear of helping people to their deaths.
-A ruling of an opinion base on Islamic law handed down by a qualified legal scholar. |
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| - provides a classic account of the Muslim religious view of the plague, largely derived from the Koran and the hadith, or traditions ascribed to the prophet Muhammad. |
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-a paragon of virtue.
-annotated the 64 hexagrams
-completed the classic of I Ching
-established the Rites of Zhou
-created the Yayue of Chinese classical music. |
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| Ritual in the State of Lu |
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Definition
-Blatant acts of sacrilege and mockery
-Kings were ordered about by their vassals
-rulers deposed or assassinated by their ministers
- fathers slain by their sons |
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-the record of the Master's activities and conversations compiled probably by his disciples' disciples.
- A work that has profoundly influenced Chinese political and cultural tradition. |
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| -was a Chinese philosopher during the Hundred Schools of Thought period (early Warring States Period) |
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| " School of Learner" or Rujia |
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Definition
i) Egalitarian roots—non-elitist or cultish orientation
ii) Reinvent idea of Junzi or “Gentleman”
iii) Egalitarian Ideal of “Perfectibility Through Learning”
(1) Example of “one corner” teaching
(2) Confucius’s summary of his own life |
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| Confucian Gentleman or Junzi |
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Definition
-"superior individual"
-who took s broad view of public affairs and did not allow personal
interests to influence their judgment.
cultivate themselves morally;
show filial piety and loyalty where these are due;
cultivate humanity, or benevolence. |
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Ruler to Ruled
Father to Son
Husband to Wife
Elder Brother to Younger Brother
Friend to Friend |
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II) Harmony in the State—Mencius and Xunzi (Hsun-tzu)
a) The humanism and rationalism of Confucianism
i) Mencius (Meng-tzu) 4th century BCE
ii) Xunxi (Hsun-tzu) 3rd century BCE
b) Views on government
i) Mencius—Attracting the body politic
(1) Metaphor of water
(2) The justification for Gemin
ii) Xunzi—Shaping the body politic
(1) Educating and indoctrination
(2) Metaphor of molding metal
c) Views on human nature
i) Mencius
(1) Goodness is human nature; evil is a human product
(a) Then why disparities in virtue?
(2) Four germs of goodness:
(a) E.g. Saving a baby about to fall into a well
(b) http://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/toddler-10202011103738.html
ii) Xunzi
(1) Human nature is corrupt and selfish; whatever good is a human product
(2) The Legalist adoption of Xunzi
(a) Iconoclastic View of the Past
(b) Qin Shi Huangdi
(i) Government not about “winning the hearts of the people”
(ii) Mutilation of the body
iii) Mencius: Breakdown of filial piety implied the ruin of the state |
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-The Lessons from Ban Zhao (45 C.E. to 120 C.E.?))
i) Prominent role in the Han Dynasty
ii) Long family tradition of reputable scholars
iii) Married at age of 14 into a more provincial noble family
iv) Ban Zhao’s “Admonitions for Women” Nu-Jie
(1) Affirming Confucian, patriarchal roles for women
(2) Reading Ban Zhao “against the grain” (Dorothy Ko)
(a) If the husband is unworthy…
(b) Husband and wife should not always follow each other in close quarters…
(c) Husband must rely on the wife to serve him…
(d) A daughter-in-law must submit to her in-laws unconditionally…
(3) Blind self-indoctrination or earnest voice of dignity and defiance? |
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Definition
-third school of thought
-Warring States period
-promoted a practical and ruthlessly efficient approach to statecraft.
-did not concern themselves with ethics, morality, or propriety
-care nothing about principles governing the world or the place of human being in nature
-they devoted their attentione exclusively to the state, which they sought to strengthen and expand at all costs. |
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Definition
-Rig Vedas—oldest and most important of the four Vedas
-collection of 1028 hymns addressed to Aryan gods.
was compiled between 1400-900 BC
-committed to writing, along with the three later Vedas, about 600 BC |
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Ideological basis of Varna (social castes)
(a) Brahmans (priests)—mouth of Purusha
(b) Kshatriyas (warriors)—hands
(c) Vaishyas (peasants/merchants/artisans)—thighs
(d) Shudras (servants)—feet |
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The Reaction to Ritual: The Upanishad Tradition (8th to 5th centuries B.C.E.)
i) Shift from sacrificial ritual to spiritual contemplation
ii) Identification with a cosmic, absolute, transcendental “Principle of Reality”
iii) Identification of Brahman and Atman
-the word upanishad literally means "a sitting in front of,"and it refers to the practice of disciples gathering before a sage for discussion of religious issues. |
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-brahman- infinite spirit- usually translate as the "absolute"
-it means"prayer ', or the power of the ritual word in Vedic literature. In Vedanta it cones to mean the ultimate reality underlying phenomenal existence, it is vast, unqualified and imperishable.
- The macro cosmic infinite spirit(brahman) corresponds to the microcosmic self(atman) within each individual
-when the self has achieved identification with the infinite spirit, one is said to have found "the pure calm of infinity"-Atman: also translate "soul" or "spirit", it is the innermost reality of a person, the animate, spiritual principle of life, not to be confused with gross individual(ahamkara) |
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-“Extraordinary Norm” or Renunciation of worldly life
-disciplined action and relinquishment are spiritually more effective than renunciation.
-being without hate and desire and giving up actions base on desire. |
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-continuous flow
-cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth. |
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-Freedom, to release
-in the Gita liberation from the bondage of worldly action is based on detachment and freedom within oneself.
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-song of the lord
-best illustrates both the expectations that Hinduism made of individuals and the promise of salvation that it held out to them
- was the work of may hands |
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- a kshatriya warrior
-Arjuna suffers knowing that the enemies it is his warrior duty to destroy are his own kinsmen and teachers. |
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-Arjuna's charioteer
-a human incarnation of the god Vishnu
-Krishna teaches Arjuna to understand his own and others' mortality.
-exposition of the relationship between death, sacrifice, and devotion dramatizes the Hindu idea that one must heroically confront death in order to transcend the limits of worldly existence. |
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Definition
-devotion is a discipline involving the performance of discipline action without personal attachment and with dedication of the fruits to Krshna. this devotion enables one to engage actively in the world and still have spiritual freedom. Through devotion the self expands toward the infinite and the infinite is brought to a conceivable human scale.
-from the Sanskrit root bhaj,"to share", from which is also derived the word bhagavat, "lord" referring to Lord Krishna as the object of devotion who shares in the life of his devotee. |
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-sacred duty, order, law
dharma generally refers to religiously ordained duty in the Gita, this means the rules of conduct appropriate to the various diverse groups in hierarchically ordered society,articulated in terms of class, stage of life and kinship structures. The general notion exists that if each unit or group in the manifold and complex universe perform its own function correctly, the whole (individual, society, cosmos) will be harmonious and ordered. |
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| Karma yoga (disciplined action) |
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Definition
-refer to the codified system of practical discipline called Yoga(in contrast to the system of philosophical analysis called Sankhya) and to each of the ways of reaching liberation, the most important of which are the discipline of action(karmayoga)
- the sum of good and bad in a person's life will determine his or her status in the next life. |
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| Extraordinary vs Ordinary Norm |
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Definition
-(1) “Extraordinary Norm” or Renunciation of worldly life (Sannyasa)-giving up action based on desire.
(2) “Ordinary Norm” or Disciplined Action (Karma-yoga)relinquishing all fruit of action. |
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- the Greek term for the city-state.
-functioned as the principal centers of Greek society. |
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-After the Persian Wars, the poleis created an alliance known as the Delian League to discourage further Persian actions in Greece.
-because of its superior fleet, Athens became the leader of the alliance. |
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-was of aristocratic birth, Pericles was the most popular Athenian leader from 461BC until his death in 429BC
-under the leadership of Pericles, Athens became the most sophisticated of the poles, with a vibrant community of scientists, philosophers, poets, dramatist, artists, and architects.
-Pericles boasted that Athens was "the education of Greece" |
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| -The Peloponnesian War, 431 to 404 BC, was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Delian League led by Sparta |
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-was a Greek historian and author from Alimos
-His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC
-Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history", because of his strict standards of evidence-gathering and analysis in terms of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods, as outlined in his introduction to his work |
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-was a public "place of assembly" in ancient Greek city-states
-Early in Greek history (10th century–8th century B.C.E), free-born male land-owners who were citizens would gather in the Agora for military duty or to hear statements of the ruling king or council.
-Later, the Agora also served as a marketplace where merchants kept stalls or shops to sell their goods amid colonnades. |
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| -A hoplite was a citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek city-states. Hoplites were primarily armed as spearmen and fought in a phalanx formation |
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-was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher(470-399 BC)
-he suggested that human beings could lead to honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.
-"The unexamined life is not worth living" implying that human beings had an obligation to strive for personal integrity, behave honorably toward others, and work toward the construction of a just society. |
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| -was a Spartan general who commanded the Spartan fleet in the Hellespont which defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami in 405 BC. The following year, he was able to force the Athenians to capitulate, bringing the Peloponnesian War to an end; he organized the dominion of Sparta over Greece in the last decade of his life. |
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| -460 BC – 403 BC), born in Athens, son of Callaeschrus, was an uncle of Plato, and a leading member of the Thirty Tyrants, and one of the most violent. He was an associate of Socrates, a fact that did not endear Socrates to the Athenian public. He was noted in his day for his tragedies, elegies and prose works |
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Definition
-were a pro-Spartan oligarchy installed in Athens after its defeat in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC
-Imposing a limit on the number of citizens allowed to vote (limiting the franchise for example to the wealthiest citizens) was a standard move on the part of wealthy people who objected to being subject to the votes of the "rabble" in a broad-based democracy where all free adult males could vote. Participation in legal functions — which had previously been open to all Athenians — was restricted by the 30 to a select group of 500 persons. Only 3,000 Athenians were granted the right to carry weapons or receive a jury trial.
The Thirty Tyrants forced many Athenians into exile and threw their leaders into jail |
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| -meaning "common" and interpreted as "commonwealth", "league" or "federation" were a number of associations of cities in ancient and early modern Greek history. |
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