Term
| AIC, African Instituted Churches |
|
Definition
| The first documented AIC was founded in Zaire (now Congo) in 1870. Two years later, another was formed in Lesotho, and during the 1880s others were founded in South Africa. Frequently described as “sects” or as “separatist” churches, these groups are truly indigenous churches. They are, therefore, non-European in their origin and they are entirely African controlled. They have no missionary ties and no formal external financial support. They are principally composed of Africans who have banded together around some charismatic leader. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Decree on the Church’s Missionary Activity, known also as Ad Gentes Divinitus, or more commonly as Ad Gentes, makes it clear that the Church by her very nature is called to engage in missionary activity. Just as God sent the Holy Spirit, so too is the Church sent to tell others of God’s message. “...the Church has an obligation to proclaim the faith and salvation which comes from Christ (Ad Gentes 1.5).” Primary witness comes through direct proclamation, the preaching of the Gospel of Jesus Christ (Ad Gentes 1.6). Conversion that results from this preaching is the beginning of a lifelong journey of transformation. The Christian life is composed of many conversions, progressively changing the course of both worldview and morals (Ad Gentes 2.13). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “updating,” “modernization,” or “adaptation.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An Anglican priest from Sunderland, England, named Alexander A. Boddy, traveled to Oslo in 1907 where he heard Barrett preach. He invited Barrett to come to England, and soon Boddy's Anglican parish became the heart of European Pentecostalism. Each year he held an annual Whitsuntide Convention, and beginning in 1908 he produced a monthly magazine titled Confidence. The meetings in Sunderland were specifically designed for Pentecostal leaders, and soon the revival had reached Holland (Gerrit Roelof Polman), Germany (Jonathan Paul), and other European countries such as Switzerland and France. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Pillar of Fire was formed in 1901. This group was originally known as the Pentecostal
Union. It was largely the result of the evangelistic work of Alma Bridwell White. Her
husband, Kent White had been a Methodist Episcopal Church pastor in Colorado. Her
preaching style and wide ranging evangelistic activities soon outstripped his and many people
followed Alma. In 1907, her husband accepted the Pentecostal message, and this split the
family. Kent moved to England where he worked with the Apostolic Church (not Oneness), and the two of them exchanged vitriol against one another in printed form. Alma declared herself a Bishop, and ran the Pillar of Fire until her death in 1946. This was an incredibly colorful group. |
|
|
Term
| American Council of Christian Churches |
|
Definition
| Carl McIntire formed the American Council of Christian Churches (ACCC) in 1941. Its purpose was to bring together the Fundamentalist churches of North America under his leadership. Due to his strident style, McIntire failed to attract the following he wanted. He loosed a merciless campaign upon his fellow Evangelical, Holiness, and Pentecostal brothers and sisters, in the hope of bringing them under his authority. They were reluctant; he was frustrated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The news of “tongues” in Topeka made Charles Parham in demand as a speaker. People began to lose interest, he resigned his Methodist credentials and began to travel as an independent evangelist throughout Kansas, Missouri, and into Texas, preaching his doctrine under the name, the Apostolic Faith Movement. Following a highly publicized healing incident in Old Orchard, Texas, Parham once again became a public figure. He held meetings in Houston, Texas in 1904-5 in which a number of his beliefs came to the fore, and he began to gather a number of converts around him. Oct. 1905 he established another of his short-term Bible schools, in Houston. Among those he allowed to enroll was the African American preacher, William J. Seymour. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two denominations. Baxter Springs, KS denomination was founded and led by Charles Fox Parham. It was largely limited to the Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas region, and has declined to the point that it now has approximately 2000 members. Portland, OR denomination was founded in 1907 by Mrs. Florence Crawford. A very domineering person, she controlled the denomination with an iron hand. While it has done missionary work around the world, today it numbers about 20,000 members in the United States, and its influence is primarily in the Northwest and Hawaii, though it also has churches in Scandinavia and East Africa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Standing within a line of bishops coming from Peter who had the church handed down to him by Jesus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heresy: Because Christ was “begotten,” He was inferior to God, a created being, subordinate to the unknowable God, not the incarnation of God in human form but the preeminent creature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An important presbyter in the Church in Alexandria, Egypt during the third century. Following Platonic dualist thought, he argued that because God was unknowable, and, therefore, unreachable, God spoke the Logos (Christ) into existence –in order for him to function as the mediator between God and humankind. Because Christ was “begotten,” He was inferior to God, a created being, subordinate to the unknowable God, not the incarnation of God in human form but the preeminent creature. Arius appealed to Paul's words in Colossians 1:15-17 for support, arguing that since Christ was the firstborn of all creation, there was a time when He was not. It is because the Bishops of the Church rejected Arius’ position that the words, “begotten not made” are found in the second article of the Nicene Creed. Today’s Jehovah’s Witnesses hold to the Arian position on the nature of Christ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The impact of the Azusa Street Mission was significant almost from the beginning. The Los Angeles Times and a half dozen other local newspapers reported its meetings beginning April 18, 1906, and thousands of people came from around the world in much the same way they went to Toronto and to Pensacola in the past several years. The revival that began there in April 1906 continued unabated through the end of 1909 before it began to taper down. By this time, hundreds of congregations had been formed and whole denominations had emerged that taught the message made broadly popular by this small mission. The ultimate direct impact of this and other missions like it lay in the formation of the Pentecostal and Charismatic traditions representing as many as 25% of the Christians in the world today. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Unitarianism that was espoused by William Channing in his famous Baltimore Sermon of 1819 ultimately led to Ralph Waldo Emerson and the rise of Transcendentalism, a movement that found Calvinist Orthodoxy too harsh and Unitarian rationalism too arid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Evangelical Quaker mission, in 1927, its leaders and many of the people experienced a Baptism in the Holy Spirit in which many of the people began to speak in other tongues.224
2. power is a critical ingredient to Pentecostal success. The issue of power emerges first in Pentecostalism in the discussion surrounding the baptism in the Spirit. It is inevitably understood as an experience of the power of the Holy Spirit, which in turn provides the average person with the power to express his or her witness to others (Acts 1:8) |
|
|
Term
| Baptism, Eucharist, and Ministry |
|
Definition
By 2008, membership in the WCC had risen to 349 denominations. It has continued to work on many of the issues outlined in earlier years through the organization of the various working units, although some of their names have changed repeatedly. Among its more important contributions in recent years has been the work of the Commission on Faith and Order designed to make more explicit the unity that the churches already enjoy as well as the theological differences that the churches view as subjects for further engagement. Three major projects in the work of Faith and Order in recent years include:
1. Baptism, Eucharist, and Ministry, a study of these “sacraments” in light of a theology of convergence,304
2. Confessing the Apostolic Faith, a study of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed as it was expressed in its original form, without the Filioque clause,305 and
3. The Nature and Mission of the Church, a study that takes seriously the major issues that still divide the Church.306
All three of these studies are now in the hands of the constituent churches for reception and incorporation into their ongoing life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In 1880, Briggs began a journal at Union Theological Seminary called The PresbyterianReview. He would serve as co-editor for this journal, with the other co-editor, BenjaminB. Warfield, coming from Princeton. The first issue carried articles by the son of CharlesHodge, A.A. Hodge, and Benjamin B. Warfield. The article by Hodge took the positionthat the original autographs of Scripture were inerrant. Warfield argued that “A provenerror in Scripture contradicts not only our doctrine, but the Scripture claim, and therefore,its inspiration in making those claims.”
Benjamin Warfield founded a new journal. It was called The
Presbyterian and Reformed Review. |
|
|
Term
| Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) |
|
Definition
| backlash led by Hindu Nationalists and members of the political party known as the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). It appears that many of their members have become alarmed at recent successes in converting so many from these lower caste people by Christian churches. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “bilateral” dialogues is held by the Roman Catholic Church. It has ongoing discussions with Pentecostals, Baptists, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglicans, Disciples of Christ, Lutherans, Methodists, and others. The international bilaterals involving the Roman Catholic Church are the work of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suggested as the most ecumenical person of the 20th Century. Billy Graham Evangelistic Association has held crusades around the world since 1947. He probably addressed more people in the world than anyone in history, with the possible exception of John Paul II. As standard policy, Graham required that all Christian churches be part of its planning, implementation, and follow-up in every city where he held a crusade. His designation of all churches includes Roman Catholic, Orthodox, historic Protestant, and newer free, Evangelical, Pentecostal, and Wesleyan-Holiness churches. In this way, he sought to lift up a unified Christian voice before the world. |
|
|
Term
| Bishop Vedenayagam Samuel Azariah |
|
Definition
| He was the “first and only Anglican bishop of an Anglican diocese from 1912 until his death in 1945.” His pastoral heart, his openness to change and sense of the larger view of things, and his ability to bring about diplomatic solutions to conflict soon set him apart as a bridge builder. He became one of the very few, who was able to negotiate his way through the highly entrenched caste system, bringing about reconciliation between many Christians at different levels. Wanted missionaries to become true friends with the converts. He began as early as 1910 to work toward some form of interdenominational union among the churches of India. It was in his ability to work with these various agencies and churches that would ultimately lead to the successful establishment of the Church of South India. He called the churches together, describing their independence an unwillingness to work together a “sin and a scandal”. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Taught at “New School” seminary (Union), but was sympathetic to “Old School” Presbyterians, was theologically conservative, an orthodox Calvinist, with a thoroughly orthodox Christology, yet he could be classified as an Evangelical Liberal. Hoped to make a place for the critical, scientific study of the Scriptures. Believed one’s presuppositions about what one might find in Scripture should be set aside--scripture should be allowed to speak for itself. 1880, began a journal at Union, The Presbyterian Review. co-editor with Princeton’s Benjamin B. Warfield. Briggs responded to conflicting views with mediating position between Hodge and Warfield. 8 year-long debate between them in The Presbyterian Review and 1889, journal folded. Delivered bold attack on the concept of verbal inspiration and upon the concept of inerrancy, and 1891 General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church took three significant actions: 1) Voted to end the Presbyterian relationship with Union Theological Seminary. It would now be an independent school. 2) They voted to terminate Briggs’ ordination with the Presbyterian Church until such time as “he shall give satisfactory evidence of repentance to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.” 3) Affirmed “that the original Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, being immediately inspired of God, were without error.” This became part of the creed of the Presbyterian Church in 1893. These actions, however, led to a backlash that by the 1920s yielded a broader, more open stance on this and other issues facing the Church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Charles Chauncey and Jonathan Mayhew who led many Americans into Unitarianism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heavily influenced the conservative Princeton Seminary. father of AA Hodge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The following October, the Chinese Christian Council adopted the “Christian Manifesto” as policy and following what they had learned from John Nevius they formed what became the Protestant Three-Self Reform Movement, renamed in 1954 the Three-Self Patriotic Movement. Today it is known as the China Christian Council. |
|
|
Term
| Christian Catholic Apostolic Church |
|
Definition
| Of all the AICs, the Zionist type churches are the most numerous. The impetus for these Zionist type churches can be traced to the United States and to the influence of John Alexander Dowie and the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church of Zion [Illinois]. |
|
|
Term
| Christian Churches Together |
|
Definition
| Among the newest ecumenical initiatives are two important movements. The first one, Christian Churches Together in the USA (www.christianchurchestogether.org) has brought together 36 churches and organizations together in an organization that has the broadest representation so far in the United States. The concept is that it will provide a space or “forum” where conversation can take place without the pressures exerted by any of the existing ecumenical agencies. The fact that the National Council of Churches has joined this group may signal potential problems for it, but its first formal meeting since organizing took place in Pasadena, CA in February 2007. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
As part of the resulting transition, and provoked by a unique kind of “liberation” theology, two new Indian churches were formed. The Church of North India took much more time to develop. Discussions began in 1929, and were not finally completed until 1970. This ecumenically united church includes the former United Church of India, the Church of India, Pakistan, Burma, and Ceylon, the Church of the Brethren, the Disciples of Christ, and the Methodists.
Both the Church of North India and the Church of South India maintain an Episcopal form of government, but the heated discussions that surrounded such a decision drove many Indians away from classical Christian churches. It appeared to many ordinary Christians that leadership within the various uniting churches were more concerned about their place on the hierarchy than they were about the people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Church of South India was formed first before the Church of N. India, on September 27, 1947 when representatives of many of the historic Anglican, Presbyterian and Reformed, Congregational congregations in India, which had previously formed the South India United Church, joined with the Methodists as well as other Anglican provinces, thereby pursuing an ecumenical way forward at the time of independence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
During the summer of 1925, the Scopes/Monkey Trial took place. William Jennings Bryan was at the center stage, arguing against the threat of Darwinism, against Clarence Darrow who was arguably the best defense attorney in the United States at the time.
Darrow argued that it was not Scopes who was on trial, but civilization. “The prosecution is opening the doors for a reign of bigotry equal to anything in the Middle Ages. No man’s beliefs will be safe if they win.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Denominations split countries up to alleviate proselytism. Used pragmatic lines to separate territories, which didn’t take into account the cultural, tribal, political ramifications. Caused irritation between churches and governments. Generally failed. (mostly prominent in Africa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the meeting in which a Pope is elected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political/ecclesiastical arrangements viewed as contracts, laws, or treaties, which sometimes gave broad powers to the Roman Catholic Church and its representatives, ultimately making Protestant expansion in the Latin American religion difficult. Significant concordat: San Salvador concordat, negotiated between Rome and El Salvador in 1852. Its significance lies in the fact that many subsequent concordats in Latin America were negotiated along the same lines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the Lutheran Church in Norway
Special meetings or assemblies that made space for lay preaching to take place, allowed lay people to organize what were essentially parachurch missionary organizations, even allowed for a spirit of anti-clericalism to play a significant role in church life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Apostolic Faith Mission (Portland, OR) was founded in 1907 by Mrs. Florence Crawford. A very domineering person, she controlled the denomination with an iron hand. While it has done missionary work around the world, today it numbers about 20,000 members in the United States, and its influence is primarily in the Northwest and Hawaii, though it also has churches in Scandinavia and East Africa. |
|
|
Term
| Cuius regio, eius religio |
|
Definition
Europe, 17th cent. Reformation compromise. Literally, “Whose rule, his religion”; the compromise of each prince to declare the religion of his province.
the second millennium has been marked more by further division between the churches than it has been marked by movements toward their unity. Following the break between East and West, the West in particular, has continued to be plagued by schism and division. The compromise policy of cuius regio, eius religio, while helpful in bringing about a kind of religious truce, ultimately guaranteed further divisions along national, cultural, and linguistic lines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (in the traditional Indian caste system) a member of the lowest caste. They were reached significantly by missionaries, much to the dismay of the ruling bodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In 1880, Daniel S. Warner established a group known popularly as the Evening Light Saints.
This group is now known as the Church of God (Anderson, IN). Warner had been associated
with the “Churches of God (General Eldership)” in Pennsylvania, but went out on his own
after a difference of opinion. His song “The Evening Light” sung by the saints who followed
him, gave it its original name. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1964, Assemblies of God evangelist, David Wilkerson told of his ministry to gangs in New
York City in his famous book, The Cross and the Switchblade. His establishment of Teen
Challenge, and the testimonies that he and others such as Nicky Cruz gave, were something
that crowds of new Charismatics wanted to hear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
South African born, David J. du Plessis was active as Secretary of the Pentecostal World Conference. He moved to Switzerland in the late 1940s, and then immigrated to the United States where the Assemblies of God ordained him. Du Plessis was open to Christians of all kinds, and his position in the Pentecostal World Conference (PWC) made it possible for him to travel widely. His friendship with Donald Gee (Assemblies of God of Great Britain), editor of the Pentecostal World Conference's monthly magazine, Pentecost, meant that these two men developed a friendship that was broadly ecumenical. Gee lamented the absence of Pentecostals at the opening assembly of the World Council of Churches, and both Gee and Du Plessis developed friendships with Christians around the world.
In the renewal movement among Protestants, many of the Protestant leaders turned to Demos Shakarian and the Full Gospel Businessmen's meetings, as well as to David Du Plessis. Du Plessis became a very significant voice on behalf of the Pentecostal experience, telling inquirers that the Lord intended for them to stay in their denominations. Soon there was a range of Charismatic Renewal fellowships in many of the historic Protestant churches.
Along with the Classical Pentecostal, David du Plessis, was instrumental in helping many of the denominations understand what their people were experiencing in regards to charismatic experiences.
The work of David Du Plessis among Protestant and Catholic Charismatics led the Assemblies of God in 1961 to strip him of his ordination. Still, he continued to work among Protestants and Catholics, and the renewal spread. The Full Gospel Businessmen’s Fellowship International became a safe place for Protestant and Catholic Charismatics and Pentecostals to meet together and share their testimonies, and the institutions, their churches, could not touch them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vatican II document. The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation is also known also as Dei Verbum. This document spells out the nature of God’s revelation to humankind. It makes clear that Scripture and Tradition together play a role in making known to humankind what God wants to make known. Thus, this Constitution rejects the Reformation understanding of Sola Scriptura, noting that because of the nature of the Apostolic Tradition having been handed down through the successors of the Apostles, a magisterium or teaching office within the Church is necessary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rise of the Charismatic Renewal should probably be dated from 1959 when the pastor of St. Luke’s Episcopal Church in Van Nuys, California, the Reverend Dennis Bennett, announced to his congregation that he had begun to speak in tongues. His confession raised such a commotion among his parishioners that his bishop reassigned him to Washington.309 His testimony was soon repeated over and over again as the Charismatic renewal spread throughout many of the mainline Protestant churches throughout the 1960s.310 By the late 1960s, it had also entered the Roman Catholic tradition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Declaration on Religious Liberty, known also as Dignitatis Humanae is a very important document for Evangelicals. In no uncertain terms, the writers of Dignitatis Humanae 1.2 committed the Vatican to do something that it had not found possible in earlier centuries. “The Vatican Council declares,” it began,
that the human person has a right to religious freedom. Freedom of this kind means that all men should be immune from coercion on the part of individuals, social groups and every human power so that, within due limits, nobody is forced to act against his convictions nor is anyone to be restrained from acting in accordance with his convictions in religious matters in private or in public, alone or in association with others. The Council further declares that the right to religious freedom is based on the very dignity of the human person as known through the revealed word of God and by reason itself. The right of the human person to religious freedom must be given such recognition in the constitutional order of society as will make it a civil right.
This teaching, drafted by an American theologian, John Courtney Murray, is based on the same logic as that which guided the founding generation of American patriots. Scripture [and Tradition] as well as forward thinking Enlightenment philosophy are all foundational to this statement. What is of utmost importance, however, is the recognition of religious freedom as a human right, by a church that over its long history had often deprived others of that very right. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Between 1875 and 1900, many Bible Prophecy Conferences were held throughout the United States. Their emphasis was obviously on the prophetic portions of Scripture. They emphasized the Second Coming of Christ, and most frequently they employed a dispensational scheme to interpret those portions of Scripture thought to be prophetic. Dispensationalism was widely proclaimed through the use of the Scofield Reference Bible with its notes that “rightly divided the Word” according a systematic, dispensational scheme. Scofield appealed to 2nd Tim. 2:15 for support for dividing the Bible and time into dispensations. The essence of Dispensationalism is (1) the recognition of a distinction between Israel and the Church, (2) a consistently literal principle of interpretation, and (3) a basic and working conception of the purpose of God and His own glory rather than as a single purpose of salvation. Turning to the salvation of Israel is marked by the rapture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| published by Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith under the leadership of Cardinal Ratzinger in 2002. literally "The Lord Jesus." This document was intended to function as an internal document applying only to the Catholic faithful. It made clear that the Catholic Church views Jesus Christ as “the way, the truth and the Life” and that there was no other way for a person to obtain salvation apart from the work that Jesus had performed through the atonement. With this conviction, Evangelicals should be quite comfortable. The document crossed Protestant sensitivities, especially those of the Reformation era churches, when it reiterated that according to Catholic teaching, Protestants do not fit the Catholic definition of what constitutes the “Church”. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Simon Bolivar, who envisioned what could essentially be understood as a continental country, and thereby began what ultimately developed into a movement known as “Pan-Americanism”. Defeated the Spanish in 1819, and enabled Venezuela (1819), Colombia (1819), Peru (1821), Bolivia (1825), Ecuador (1830), and ultimately Panama, which had originally been a part of Colombia (1903) to gain their independence as well. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Ethiopian-type churches, the earliest type to emerge, is mostly tribal in its makeup. Thus, these churches have frequently been linked to issues of anti-colonialism and nationalism. Ethiopia has traditionally been a symbol of all that is truly African. Pan-Africanism, a nationalist ideal popularized in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, was sometimes referred to as Abyssinianism or Ethiopianism.
2. Many Ethiopian-type churches were founded by and populated with people who were once part of historic missionary churches. Often their founding leaders were men who had shown potential as leaders in missionary churches, but they had been set aside while whites, sometimes from Europe, were given preference. Their formation, then, was in part a response to racist attitudes and an attempt to provide Black African Christians greater opportunity to exercise their gifts. Their peak period of development was between 1880 and 1920. With the rise of more racially integrated churches in recent years, the number of Ethiopian-type churches being founded has dropped significantly. Among the more significant Ethiopian churches is the Ethiopian Church in Zimbabwe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Evangelical liberals took the teachings of Jesus and the person of Jesus very seriously, and their period of direct influence probably extended from the time of Horace Bushnell (1802-1876) through the end of World War I (1918). Evangelical Liberals are clearly to be distinguished from the likes of the pre-Civil War radical “liberals.”
William Adams Brown viewed the “Christological principle” as being a much more effective method by which modern Christians could take seriously and sympathetically, many of the classical doctrines of the Church. In order to understand much of Evangelical Liberal thinking about Christ, one must also take the doctrine of the Trinity very seriously. Brown did just that. Jesus was very important, but His divinity was clearly tied up in the Trinity. The reason for this was that Evangelical Liberals tended to emphasize the unity of God.
Bushnell emphasized on the divinity over the human nature, which placed him very close to the position of the Oriental Orthodox churches today, which for centuries were accused of embracing the Monophysite heresy. Most Evangelical Liberals rejected the idea that Jesus was only and purely human.
key figures: William Adams Brown, Washington Gladden, Horace Bushnell, Walter Rauschenbusch, William Clarke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The emergence of millenarianism between 1865 and 1910 contributed substantially to the emergence of Fundamentalism. Not only was Jesus returning, He was coming back very soon. They argued that apostasy was coming into the Church by means of higher criticism. enlisted a literal form of interpretation with a Bible in one hand and the daily newspaper in the other. fundamental assumptions: (1) the inerrancy of Scripture, (2) the virgin birth, (3) the full deity of Jesus, (4) the substitutionary atonement, and (5) the bodily resurrection at the time of the physical return of Christ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| document from Vatican II. The Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, known also as Gaudium et Spes, is a poetic work that opens by recognizing that the Church is part of the larger human family. This document moves on to note the major social changes that have touched contemporary civilization: industrialization, urbanization, mass media, emigration, “socialization,” and advancement (Gaudium et Spes 6). It then calls upon all Christians to take seriously the nature of humankind, and to work toward that which lifts up and develops the dignity of humankind. In short, Gaudium et Spes sets forth the basis for Roman Catholic social teaching. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of two new ecumenical initiative, in development since 1998. emerged from a concern expressed by Dr. Konrad Raiser (former General Secretary of the World Council of Churches). argued that WCC does not constitute the whole of the ecumenical movement, because it does not represent the interests or concerns of the overwhelming majority of the world’s Christians. Without Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Holiness, and Evangelical participation, at best, it can be understood as representing about 25% of the world’s Churches. Since 2000, the Global Christian Forum has held a number of regional meetings in the United States, Hong Kong, Zambia, Germany, and Chile. In November 2007, it convened the first of its “global” meetings with some 245 top level Christian leaders from throughout the world, in Limuru, Kenya. the participants were asked to think about the future of a continuing “forum” in which they can express their concerns and look for common solutions. Of all the ecumenical initiatives, it appears to represent the broadest constituency of believers in the world. Since the Limuru gathering, the Global Christian Forum has held a number of other regional meetings in India, Finland, South Korea, Costa Rica. second global gathering was held in Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia in November 2011 with approximately 300 participants. A leading theme discussed was the changing demographics in global Christianity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roman Catholic liberation theologian. wrote A Theology of Liberation (1971) and The Power of the Poor in History (1977), and Lonardo Boff wrote Jesus Christ Liberator (1972), and Church: Charism and Power (1985). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1878-1969) Evangelical liberal, Baptist, one of the preeminent preachers in the United States. In May 1922, preached a sermon in New York’s First Presbyterian Church. plea was that liberal views should be tolerated within the Church. criticized the Fundamentalists as intolerant. Fosdick’s sermon set off the hottest controversy over any sermon in American history. For at least 2 years, the controversy was headlined in the leading newspapers across the nation. William Jennings Bryan lobbied for a resolution against Evolution on the Fosdick case, which was defeated. On the Fosdick case, the conservatives won in 1923. Fosdick was rebuked, and the First Presbyterian Church was called upon to conform to the Presbyterian Confession of Faith. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Reverend Horace G. Underwood, a Presbyterian missionary and the Reverend Henry D. Appenzeller, a Methodist, two missionaries arrived in what is now Inchon City, a short distance west of Seoul, in South Korea, on Easter Sunday, April 5, 1885.235 By 1887, there were Protestant missionaries in Seoul. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| book written by Julius Wellhausen, an Old Testament scholar, in 1878. In this groundbreaking work, Wellhausen synthesized into a single, compelling thesis, the various strands of critical scholarship on the origins of the Pentateuch. Wellhausen’s thesis came to be known as the “Documentary Hypothesis.” He argued that (1) the priestly portions of the so-called “five books of Moses” were not completed until after the Exile and therefore, (2) Moses could not have been the author of the Pentateuch. Perhaps more importantly, he argued that the Bible needed to be understood as a compilation of materials that included such things as folklore and poetry. Wellhausen’s hypothesis held a devastating threat to faith as it had been handed down from previous generations. He seemed to find evidence of an evolutionary development in the very pages of Scripture itself. In turn, that raised questions about whether the Bible was a divinely given book, that is, what do we mean when we say that the Bible is inspired, and that question ultimately led to questions of ultimate religious authority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
viewed trinity in modal monarchism or modalism – that the Trinity does not allow for distinctions between the Persons except as temporal modes of expression. (denied modalism, yet said we only know them by how we experience them, there was no metaphysical distinction just from our perception). This made Christ’s divinity easy for him to grasp, but he was slower to recognize Christ’s humanity. (139) Supported a kind of democratic socialism, supported workers writes, and unionization (141).
Also known for Christian Nurture - theory that a child could be raised in such a way by holy parents as to not sin. (142) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| famous novel by evangelical liberal pastor Charles Meridian Sheldon. First published in 1896, it has allegedly sold over 30,000,000 copies. attempted to speak to the situations of unemployment, unskilled labor, hopelessness, economic depression, and the like, issues that he faced within his own congregations. As a result of pastoral ministry of living and working with ordinary people, Sheldon wrote this novel in which a printer, who has been put out of work because newspapers had turned to the latest technology in an effort to cut labor costs, in this case the linotype machine, who had lost his wife four months earlier, and whose daughter was being taken care of by other family members, moves to the front of a congregation at the end of a sermon on the atonement. The pastor’s third point on the atonement is to look to Jesus’ example and follow in His steps. The out of work printer challenges the congregation to think seriously about people like himself and what it means to fulfill the pastor’s challenge to follow Jesus. Just as he completes his comments, he grabs his chest and drops dead before the congregation. The congregation is so touched by his death that they agree to live for one year, asking themselves before every action, “What would Jesus do?” Their lives unfold throughout this book, and despite the liberal approach to the atonement, the story has become a highly sought after inspirational volume ever since. These people were influenced morally to follow in the steps of Jesus, and the story of their journey was used to influence others as well. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the two major issues at the African Synod. The Synod made recommendations on clothing Gospel in African garb. should extend beyond liturgical life into the whole life of the church, to bring greater participation by lay men and women alike, greater theological reflection within the African context, and greater efforts to view the Church as family. Proposition 31 calls for the local church to be involved in an ongoing process of inculturation, and will respect (a) compatibility with the Christian message, and (b) communion with the universal church. noble elements of the culture can be utilized but elements contrary to Christian values must be dropped. In such cases suitable substitutes must be found in order not to create a vacuum. In all cases care should be taken to avoid syncretism. it is within the context of the celebration of African cultures that African Instituted Churches find their meaning and their message. It is the inculturation of the Gospel or the Gospel viewed through a particular African cultural lens that allows it to view the “church as a movement of God's people empowered by the Holy Spirit to undertake new initiatives in mission, and to build upon the notion of 'ubuntu', which calls for a humane society without poverty, exploitation, or disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a working paper developed from the results of the African Synod questionnaire, Lineamenta. when the Bishops gathered in Rome, they were asked to address their comments in light of this document. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Current South African President. Followed Mbeki, who followed Mandela. It remains to be seen how the presidency of Jacob Zuma, who has in the past been charged with racketeering and corruption, will succeed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Through the influence of John Alexander Dowie in the US and the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church of Zion [Illinois], the Zionist type churches are the most numerous among AICs. Dowie became known throughout Australia for his vigorous stand against the use of alcohol, for his energetic commitment to divine healing, for his insistence on triune immersion baptism, and for his belief that the return of the Lord was imminent. In 1878 he founded an independent ministry, and a decade later he immigrated to the United States where he established his church headquarters in a town that he formed. He called it Zion, Illinois.
During the 1893 World’s Fair held in Chicago, Dowie attracted great attention by holding controversial healing tent meetings directly across the street from the gateway to the fair. The extraordinary press coverage he received because of his claims and his actions, gave him free advertisement and added influence. He instituted a magazine called Leaves of Healing, opened a divine healing home in Zion and invited his followers to join him in establishing Zion as a Christian (utopian) community. Several thousand people joined him there. A decade later, he declared himself to be Elijah redivivus and his behavior became increasingly bizarre. In 190, he was sued and the American press across the country reported constantly on his undoing, exposing alleged sexual improprieties, and fiscal irresponsibility, if not outright fraud. He suffered a stroke in 1905 and died in disgrace the following year.
Dowie sent scores of missionary-evangelists around the world, along with copies of his periodical. In Africa, groups of Zionists began to spring up, especially throughout Southern Africa. About the time of the Azusa Street revival in Los Angeles (1906-1909), many Zionists in the United States became Pentecostals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1995, he issued a new encyclical on ecumenism titled Ut Unum Sint, summarizing the ecumenical gains of the Roman Catholic Church, and urged a completion of the task. In Ut Unum Sint, 79, he acknowledged five needed discussions on unresolved issues since the Reformation. They are:
· the relationship between Scripture and Tradition,
· the nature of the Eucharist,
· Ordination,
· the role of the Magisterium, and
· the place of Mary in the Church.
He moved past “ecclesial communities” for Protestants, embracing them as Christians, asked for forgiveness for any “painful recollections” by Catholics, and invited mutual reflection on the nature of the papal office, which he cast as an “office of unity”. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Among those who worked with Chuck Smith was a gifted musician named John Wimber.
Wimber had been dramatically “saved,” and was influenced by the reality of renewal that he
saw. As Smith and Wimber worked together, a gradual shift began to emerge. Smith, while
tolerant of the range of charismatic manifestations, nevertheless tended to emphasize prayer
and Bible study. Wimber, while willing to grant prayer and Bible study their due position
within the Church, believed that the Church should embrace, not merely tolerate the range of
charismatic manifestations.
The result was that Chuck Smith authored a book titled Charisma vs. Charismania in which
he clearly distanced himself from his past, while Wimber moved out to form a congregation
that became the center of a loose fellowship of similar congregation, and finally a full-fledged
denomination known as the Association of Vineyard Churches. The same tensions that
existed between Smith and Wimber later came to exist between Wimber and John Arnott at
the Toronto Vineyard. Ultimately the question of how far charismatic phenomena can/should
extend within recent “moves” of God is difficult to decide. It calls for a significant level of
discernment. Wimber’s willingness to rely upon words of the so-called “Kansas City
Prophets” left him vulnerable at some levels, but linked him very closely to the “Latter Rain”
Movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Simple but godly Patriarch of Venice, nearly 80 years old. Elected to buy short papacy to lobby for another candidate with no trouble. He took the name John XXIII and nothing could have been further from his mind than Moritalium Animos. Called Second Vatican Council against the strong urging of the entrenched members of the Vatican’s curia, that is, its administrative office holders. Such a Council had not happened for a century. The curia did not like it--potential cost and possibility that they would have to incorporate into their lives and work. In spite of concerns, John gathered all Bishops of the world and brought them to Rome where they worked together on the issues of the future. He prayed that the Holy Spirit would bring a “New Pentecost” and he announced that his pontificate would be known by the Latin term “aggiornamento” (“updating,” “modernization,” or “adaptation”). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ecumenical group that represents the interests of the World Council of Churches and the Vatican. The Roman Catholic Church is not a member of the World Council of Churches, but it does participate in some aspects of the life of the WCC. Obviously, there are issues that affect the churches of the WCC that are shared by the Vatican. This group has worked on the issue of proselytism, making recommendations that have affected the relationship that marks Roman Catholics and the Orthodox tradition. The latter holds membership in the WCC. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| José Míguez Bonino, a Methodist theological professor in Argentina, became a leading Liberation Theologian beginning in the 1960s. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Christians in the South African Council of Churches and in the Institute for Contextual Theology worked on this powerful document, released in 1985 and circulated throughout South Africa to end apartheid. Well received, but because of its “Liberation Theology”, they were unwilling to accept it. Evangelicals offered Evangelical Witness in South Africa in its place. The General Secretary of the Apostolic Faith Mission responded with his own offering titled Church and Politics, and other articles added to debate. Regardless of where in the theological spectrum people found themselves, they were at last talking to one another about a very real issue that separated vast numbers of people from one another, and disenfranchised millions of South Africans in their own homeland. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Japanese secret police used entrapment, made unsubstantiated charges, and harassed Christians in response to Korean Nationalism. 1911, alleged that Presbyterian students had conspired to assassinate the local governor-general, so arrests were made, and many who claimed innocence were sentenced to serve prison terms. Christians were political and military threat to Japanese interests in the region. Intended to intimidate Korean Christians into submitting to Japanese oppressors, but Koreans banded together, and in 1919, a group of 33 Koreans issued a Declaration of Independence. Nearly half were Christians, so Christian leaders were rounded up and arrested. Christians were further harassed, persecuted, and even some murdered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “Japan Christian Association”. By WWII, Japan had expelled all missionaries and the churches of Japan were fully under Japanese control. In 1944-45, the government essentially put an end to Protestant denominations by requiring that all Protestant churches form a single united church. Some churches refused to participate, and were forced to go underground or to disband. Only the Roman Catholic Church and the small Orthodox community which had been founded by Russian Orthodox were allowed to exist openly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founder of apostolic Faith mission of South Africa, related to Zionist type AIC, Inluenced by Dowie and received baptism of Holy Spirit in 1907 in the wake of the Azusa Street Revival. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
During the late 1940s, Canadian and American Pentecostals disassociated themselves from those churches that held to a radical congregational polity, a radical restorationism, and a radical abuse of various charisms. The Movement in which these churches participated was called the Latter Rain Movement. They argued that the five-fold ministry would be restored by God, and that included the apostolic and prophetic offices. Issues related to the limits of apostolicity were very important in this debate, but it has led some, especially in Latin America to claim that these churches have been more interested in naming apostles than in living out apostolic lives.
During the period of 1948-1952, some Pentecostals attempted to help the Holy Spirit with this work by introducing what became known as the “Latter Rain Revival”. They relied heavily upon charisms of speech,
particularly the gift of prophecy and words of wisdom and knowledge, speaking in tongues, healing, and signs and wonders. Many of the so-called “healing evangelists” of the period were directly related to this group. Ultimately, however, this revival began to decline. By the late 1950s it was fairly tame. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a number of Roman Catholics who would develop their own theologies of liberation. Among them were men like Juan Luis Segundo, Gustavo Gutiérrez, and Leonardo Boff.
F. During the late 1960s and continuing through the 1980s, these men wrote, and spread their ideas among more liberal Catholic thinkers in the region.
Lonardo Boff wrote Jesus Christ Liberator (1972), and Church: Charism and Power (1985). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what took place in place of colonialism when colonialism ended in Latin America in the 1820s-1830s, (colonialism ended earlier in L. America compared to the end of the world). not always kind to Roman Catholicism (viewed as a symbol of colonialism) in the latter half of the 19th Century. Latin America enjoyed a new level of autonomy, and began developing as a result of its own abilities and resources. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variety of theological positions, both Catholic and Protestant, with commonalities and differences. Identify with the poor, sometimes with unbelievers, and frequently their “Liberation” held decidedly political implications, some of which were even violent. They formed what came to be called Base Ecclesial Communities, or Base Communities, which had Bible studies with theological undergirding to their social engagement and drew upon observations by the poor, wanted to “...enable the poor to assert their civil rights as active participants in society and Church.” Often clergy led but lay driven. Lay people were given voice both in the interpretation of Scripture and in the liturgical lives of congregations that identified with the poor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To facilitate the process for African Bishops to study together, they met under the theme “The Church in Africa and Her Evangelizing Mission Towards the Year 2000 – ‘You Shall Be My Witnesses’.” Five categories of concerns seen through a series of 81 questions. From the results of this questionnaire, a working paper, known as an Instrumentum Laboris, was developed and when the Bishops gathered in Rome, they were asked to address their comments in light of this document. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| With the 1960s came the great Cultural Revolution. Led by Chairman Mao and the Red Guard (patriotic student army), intellectuals and various social institutions were again denounced. Chairman Mao’s little red book, The Thoughts of Mao Zedong became the new “Bible” for the revolution. Persecution of Christians, the closure of churches, the burning of Bibles and other religious symbols became common place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pastor of a small African-American Holiness congregation in Houston Texas, where William Joseph Seymour attended. In early 1905, Farrow became the governess for the Parham children and she turned the congregation over to William J. Seymour. As she traveled with the Parhams, she came to believe and experience what Parham was teaching about the baptism in the Spirit. Upon Parham’s return to Houston in October 1905, Mrs. Farrow became instrumental in getting Seymour to enroll in Parham’s Bible School. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
During the late 1940s, Canadian and American Pentecostals disassociated themselves from those churches that held to a radical congregational polity, a radical restorationism, and a radical abuse of various charisms. The Movement in which these churches participated was called the Latter Rain Movement. They argued that the five-fold ministry would be restored by God, and that included the apostolic and prophetic offices. Issues related to the limits of apostolicity were very important in this debate, but it has led some, especially in Latin America to claim that these churches have been more interested in naming apostles than in living out apostolic lives.
During the period of 1948-1952, some Pentecostals attempted to help the Holy Spirit with this work by introducing what became known as the “Latter Rain Revival”. They relied heavily upon charisms of speech,
particularly the gift of prophecy and words of wisdom and knowledge, speaking in tongues, healing, and signs and wonders. Many of the so-called “healing evangelists” of the period were directly related to this group. Ultimately, however, this revival began to decline. By the late 1950s it was fairly tame. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viewed as a traditional way of life in Latin America. Pentecostal churches take seriously a high moral code, and because of machismo, there is a high degree of tolerance is given to those who violate the ideal of morality, this has set many Pentecostals apart from their neighbors. It provides Pentecostals with the opportunity to develop a high degree of personal integrity and contribute to significant growth within Pentecostal community. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teaching office within the Church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
On December 13, Nelson Mandela addressed the WCC as Nigerian President Mugabe had. He spoke of the Church and its role in Africa during the Colonial period, but his memory of what had taken place was somewhat different from the description that President Mugabe had given.
He came without guards, danced, shook hands with lots of smiles and laughs. The addresses given by these two African leaders were imparted in remarkably different tones. Mandela’s address was filled with gratefulness/indebtedness to missionaries for education and healthcare. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founder of Church of God in Christ, largest Pentecostal denomination in U.S. Largely African- American and heavily urban |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Became South African President following Nelson Mandela. Seen as a quiet supporter of Mugabe (President of Zimbabwe). Mugabe, in fact, mentioned him during the address to the WCC in ‘98 (when Mbeki was Deputy President to Mandela) to draw on a commonality between himself and Mbeki (and in a way, So. Africa). Mbeki is widely known for his long denial of the HIV/AIDS situation in South Africa that did not allow the country to come to terms with that plague in a timely manner. On the positive side, President Mbeki attempted to close down the “informal settlements” or shantytowns filled with squatters, by providing some of the poorest South Africans with low cost housing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founder of American Council of Christian Churches. He created it to bring together Fundamentalist churches in North America. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scottish missionary to northern China and Mongolia. Helped to translate Bible into Korean which led to standardization of Korean alphabet and language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed International Church of Foursquare Gospel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ethiopian Evangelical church Mekane Yesu, afflicated with Lutheran world Federation, formed 1959, now 20,000 believers, charismatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reporter from Baltimore Evening Sun, who reported the Scopes trial in 1925. The report caused the Tennessee town turned into a carnival. |
|
|
Term
| Messianic/Judaistic-type AIC |
|
Definition
| Smallest AIC, led by strong charismatic figure. AICs relatively few in number and found in central Africa which are often led by strong, charismatic figures, “Prophet-Messiah” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| charm-like representations of body parts or other items that represent prayer request or thanks to God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that the Trinity does not allow for distinctions between the persons of the Trinity except as temporal modes of expression. It was harshly criticized by Tertullian as early as Ad 218 when he attacked praxeas who argued for the patripassionist position, that is that jesus died on the cross, the Father also died on the cross. It was condemned as heretical in the 4th Century. They maintain that the name of God is “;Jesus” and that genuine christian baptism takes place in the name of jesus Christ rather than through the invocation of the Trinitarian formula. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evangelist and founder of Moody Bible Institute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encyclical that prohibited Roman Catholics from participating in any ecumenical movement. Issued under Pope Pius XI in 1928. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Scottish Presbyterian missionary with the London Missionary Society came to China in 1807 where his immediate opposition came, from the British East India Trading Company, instead of from the Chinese government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chair of World Missionary Conference 1910. Tried to get global missionary movement to think more broadly. Not nationalistic, not denominational, not ethnic. But, instead, prove to the world that Jesus Christ is the solvent for such issues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1998, 8th Assembly of the World Council of Churches in Harare, Zimbabwe this President of Zimbabwe addressed the Assembly Dec. 8. He began by declaring that Zimbabwe is a “Christian nation” and thanked the World Council of Churches for being a source of encouragement and humanitarian aid, spoke of the relationship between the apartheid government that had been set in place by those who had come from England, and the aid that the missionaries had given to that colonial effort, but the tone was more judgemental of evangelism as a confusion with colonialism. He was trying to recruit the WCC as a partner in support of his controversial policies on land reforms and forgiveness of debts, resolve of international conflict, and AIDS, thereby, re-establishing the relationship of Church and State cooperation, but this time, on his terms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| served for forty years as a Presbyterian missionary in China, had a lasting influence on Chinese Christianity, even beyond Hudson Taylor. He was an itinerant missionary who believed in conducting systematic studies of the Bible, and who had a major impact, not only on China, but ultimately also on Korean missions. John Nevius drew up a series of principles that became associated with the churches he pioneered. These included the so-called “Three-Self Principles.” (1) the Church would be self-propagating, that is, everyone was to have a teacher and everyone was to be a disciple. As disciples matured, they would become teachers and take on newer disciples as well. The Church would be extended in this manner. (2) the Church would be self-governing. Every group was to have an unpaid leader. Circuits, whose leaders would be paid, would connect these groups. These leaders would, in turn, give way to new pastors who would rise up to take their place on a permanent basis, but the circuits would continue to connect disparate groups together at district, provincial and national levels. (3) the Church would be self-supporting. The various groups of believers would provide all meeting places. These churches would not receive funding from foreign sources. These principles still stand behind the legalized church in China. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Product of the 1990s. Wagner named this movement. It has provided an umbrella to many of the more independent churches that have been prominent throughout the nation. Many N.A. churches derive from classical Pentecostalism. During the late 1940s, Canadian & American Pentecostals disassociated themselves from those churches that held to a radical congregational polity, a radical restorationism, and a radical abuse of various charisms. The Movement in which these churches participated was called the Latter Rain Movement. They argued that the five-fold ministry would be restored by God, and that included the apostolic and prophetic offices. Issues related to the limits of apostolicity were very important in this debate, but it has led some, especially in Latin America to claim that these churches have been more interested in naming apostles than in living out apostolic lives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a missionary Bishop in the Church of South India. Echoed the work of Bishop Azariah. In 1953, Newbigin wrote his important book, The Household of God, in which he outlined what he called the three streams of Christianity: Catholic, Protestant, Pentecostal. declared that all three streams were essential to a full understanding of the Church, apart from which Church is incomplete. Catholics offered structure to the Church through their emphasis upon apostolic succession. Protestants offered the reformed “message” of the Church (its doctrinal orthodoxy). Together, Catholics and Protestants had historically sought to “honour and safeguard the uniqueness, sufficiency and finality of God’s saving acts in Christ.” Yet without Pentecostalism, Church = a mere shell, with no life. Pentecostalism brought the conviction of the Christian life through power and presence of the Spirit. he pointed out many reasons Pentecostals were largely outside the ecumenical arena. As a result, Pentecostalism had not yet risen to the critically necessary challenge of the theological encounter that the Ecumenical Movement made possible, and as a result, the other two streams were bereft of vitality and power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| document from Vatican II. aka The Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions. recognizes that all humanity is related to one another, and that they all look for answers to their existence in the various religions to which they are committed. Questions that they all hold in common with one another include the following (Nostrae Aetate 2): "What is man? What is the meaning and purpose of life? What is upright behavior, and what is sinful? Where does suffering originate, and what end does it serve? How can genuine happiness be found? What happens at death? What is judgment? What reward follows death? And finally, what is the ultimate mystery, beyond human explanation, which embraces our entire existence, from which we take our origin and towards which we tend?" notes that nothing that can be construed as “true and holy” in these religions need be rejected by Roman Catholics. Indeed, the Roman Catholic Church declares that such things must be held in high regard. However, this document makes it equally clear, that Catholics cannot and must not compromise their faith. With these points, Christians are encouraged to interact with non-Christians, to engage in inter-religious dialogue, in such a way as to affirm what is spiritual and moral in these various religions, but to remain faithful to the central role that Jesus Christ plays for all who embrace the Christian message. It is because some Catholic theologians, especially from Asia, attempted to stretch the meaning conveyed so clearly in Nostrae Aetate that Dominus Iesus was written. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small governing group, often for their own purposes. The Roman Catholic Church aligned itself w/ Latin American groups in certain countries and had concordats w/ them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an institution of the Catholic Church. many Latin American Catholics who resisted the changes of Second Vatican Council and still wanted to Latin mass joined. as been described as the most controversial force within the Catholic Church. In recent years, Opus Dei has received international attention due to the novel The Da Vinci Code |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| student of Parham at his short-term Bible school in Topeka, Kansas. led the New Year's Eve event 1900. During the Christmas holidays in late 1900, Parham left a group of his students to ponder the question, “What proof or evidence is there in Scripture that shows that the Apostles received the Baptism with the Holy Spirit?” The answer they gave was that, according to Acts 2:4, the Apostles had spoken in other tongues. On New Years Eve 1900, they prayed and asked for the same experience. That night they allegedly ushered in the new century speaking in other tongues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Methodist minister. healed as a young boy, and determined that he was going to enter the ministry. His own healing experience led him to champion the idea of divine healing. His participation among the Methodist camp meetings of his day led him to embrace a Holiness position on sanctification. his concern for the fulfillment of prophecy led him to become an ardent supporter of the modern Zionist Movement. In 1900, Parham established a healing home and a short-term Bible school in Topeka, Kansas. His students asked to experience speaking in tongues according to Acts 2:4 at the New Years Eve 1900 holiday, and ushered in new century speaking in tongues. Became in demand as a speaker after this. later travel as an independent evangelist under " the Apostolic Faith Movement." Had another highly publicized healing incident in Old Orchard, Texas that made him a public figure again. Established another short term Bible school in Houston where William J. Seymour was enrolled. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highest-ranking bishops in Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Roman Catholic Church (above Major Archbishop and Primate), and the Assyrian Church of the East |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pentecostalism came to Korea through the Assemblies of God and the conversion of Paul (David) Yonggi Cho in 1954. Pastor Cho subsequently founded the Yoido Full Gospel Church on Yoido Island, which lies on the outskirts of Seoul but at the new center of government and finance. His work began to grow, and through the years, with the aid of missionary John Hurston, he came to establish a mega-church through the very effective use of cell groups. Today, the church is the largest in the world, with multiple services in a building that seats 20,000 people. |
|
|
Term
| Pentecostal World Fellowship |
|
Definition
| In 1947, the first Pentecostal World Conference was convened in Basel, Switzerland. In May 2001 the executive committee renamed it the Pentecostal World Fellowship. While this name change is suggestive, what it will mean in the future is yet to be determined. In August 2009 it elected its first Chair and Vice-Chair from outside the United States or Europe. Prince Guneratnam, Assemblies of God of Malaysia, and Isak Burger, Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa, hold these two positions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristics: tongues, prophecy, healings, supernatural miracles, and spontaneous and expressive worship. focused on the Holy Spirit. missional. the growth of Pentecostalism is responsible now for the 25% of the Christian today. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fuller Theological Seminary grew during the 1970s as a direct result of its openness to Pentecostals and Charismatics. Its School of World Mission, largely at the insistence of C. Peter Wagner, began to take
seriously signs and wonders, and then spiritual warfare as it attempted to train women and men for missionary service. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the leader of the Swedish Pentecostal Movement. held an international Pentecostal conference, and 30,000 Pentecostals went to Stockholm. talked about developing a Pentecostal World Conference, had to wait till the end of WWII. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The [Pentecostal] Church of the Nazarene began in Los Angeles in 1895. Phineas F. Bresee and Joseph P. Winey, formerly pastors of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Los Angeles, were its founders. While it originally carried the adjective “Pentecostal” in its name, the denomination voted in 1919 to drop it to avoid confusion with and to distance themselves from the Pentecostal Movement which advocated speaking in tongues. The Nazarenes spread rapidly into Texas, the Pacific Northwest, and Chicago. Today, they are a global church and their headquarters is in Kansas City, MO. |
|
|
Term
| Progessive Pentecostalism |
|
Definition
| Miller and Yamamori calls it the fast growing socially active, self-supporting, indigenous congregations in the developing world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Categorized as Neo-Pentecostal church. Link acts of giving and receving, between tithing and financial prosperity (cause and effect relationship) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| R.A. Torrey followed Moody as the Superintendent of the Institute. Its purpose was to provide conservative “gap men,” that is, men who were trained in the Bible and could fill the gap between ministers and laity. The curriculum was designed to provide English Bible training and to encourage a disciplined life style so that the students would be prepared for a lifetime of Christian service. These schools became the models from which the modern Bible School Movement was formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indian Christian, social reformer and activist. Asia became a center for Pentecostal missions as early as 1906 when Minnie Abrams, a missionary working with Pandita Ramabai, working among teenage widows, received her “baptism in the Spirit” with tongues in Poona, India. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On the radical fringe of the Wesleyan-Holiness movement were those committed to Restorationism. In their attempt to explain how God was going to restore the New Testament church in their own day, many of them came to believe that God was about to restore all the gifts of the Holy Spirit, including the ability to speak in other tongues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the two missionaries the Presbyterian Church of Scotland sent in 1863 to northern China and Manchuria. went with John McIntyre. befriended an itinerant medicine seller named Sang-Yoon Suh who taught them the Korean language, and translated the Bible into Korean with Suh’s help. Like Luther’s work, their work helped to standardize the Korean alphabet and language, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1712-1778), Romantic Philosopher who argued essentially that humankind was born morally good. The introduction of such things as agriculture, property, science, and commerce, however, corrupted humankind and ultimately led to varying states of inequality and injustice. By entering into a social contract with one another, government and education could be established in such a way as to address these inequalities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| big conversation in the 19th century. 2 views emerged in the Wesleyan-Holiness tradition. (1) sanctification came about more or less gradually (championed by Charles G. Finney, Asa Mahan, and others at Oberlin College). (2) "crisis" view of sanctification. sanctification as taking place instantaneously, through a second work of grace that removed the sin nature, enabling one to lead a life of sinless perfection. widespread among most Wesleyan-Holiness churches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leader of a Holiness community in Shiloh, Maine (where Parham spent some time in the community). had predicted that the Lord was about to pour out His Spirit providing people with the ability to speak with other tongues in such a way as to be able to bypass language learning for missionary service. Parham's time with Frank Sandford led him to anticipate the full restoration of the Church along with the gifts of the Holy Spirit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Upon reflecting on McAlister's observation that the Apostles had never used the Trinitarian baptismal formula when they performed baptisms in the book of Acts, and had merely invoked the name of Jesus, John G. Schaepe came to the conclusion that Jesus was the Name of God. from 1913-1916, a debate erupted over the appropriate baptismal formula of a church being restored to the New Testament model, the significance of the Name, and the nature of the Godhead. ultimately, a modalist interpretation of the Trinity was developed, called Oneness Pentecostalism, where the following were linked: “baptism in Jesus’ name” with “the remission of sins” and appealing to the name “Jesus” as the name of the One God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dispensationalism was widely proclaimed through the use of the Scofield Reference Bible with its notes that “rightly divided the Word” according a systematic, dispensational scheme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a high school biology teacher and athletic instructor, urged on by his friends, decided to test the law which was illegal to teach the evolution at school in Tennessee in 1925. .He purposely lectured on evolution, and made public the fact that he had. He was arrested, and brought to trial. The trial known as the Scopes Trial or “Monkey Trial” because of its publicity. Later was convicted and fined $100. But the result cause the bad reputation of the Fundamentalists as narrow-minded bigots. (Bryan’s strong anti-Darwinism attack in debate with Scopes’ lawyer, Darrow is noted in the lecture note). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Popular Ethopian Emperor, fled to London as a refuge in 1935 and returned when allies recaptured the region. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The African American pastor of the famous Azusa Street Mission in Los Angeles. was part of the Church of God (previously known as the Evening Light Saints). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of two men who was able to cross the lines between classical Pentecostalism and the historic churches in the 1950s. immigrant from southern Russian. grandparents were at the Azusa Street Mission. as a wealthy layman he was frustrated at the limited role for lay men in the Assemblies of God. He decided to establish a regular meeting where lay men could (a) come together for fellowship, (b) bring their friends, and (c) determine what projects they would like to support. The result was Full Gospel Business Men’s Fellowship International (FGBMFI). Shakarian began his meetings in Los Angeles at Clifton’s Cafeteria (6th and Broadway), and quickly developed the organization into a major interdenominational fellowship in which Pentecostal men shared their experience (read: testimony) with others. It proved to be a highly successful means of evangelization, and many men from outside the Pentecostal Movement became interested in the Pentecostal message of “Baptism in the Spirit”. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Islamic law based on Koran and Islamic teaching, confronting with the Nigerian constitution that guarantees freedom of religion and declares Nigeria to be a secular State. |
|
|
Term
| Sheldon, Charles Meridian |
|
Definition
| Sheldon became famous because of a novel he wrote titled In His Steps, where the What would Jesus do idea comes into play. The real message here moving from the nature of the atonement to the example of Jesus as to how we should live. We don’t need the blood sacrifice, but rather the example of how Jesus should live. This is a reinterpretation of normative theology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coptic Pope in Alexandria and Cairo, do visitations, leading bible-study, about 5,000 believers ea. week. But recent more evangelicals have entered and more open, he is afraid they may endangered the Coptic believers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Simón Bolivar (1783-1830) who was born in Caracas, Venezuela is probably the most significant of Latin American revolutionaries.
Taking his philosophical convictions seriously, Bolivar came to be known as “El Liberator”. He envisioned what could essentially be understood as a continental country, and thereby began what ultimately developed into a movement known as “Pan- Americanism” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the founder of the Christian and Missionary Alliance, began the first American Bible School in 1882 in Nyack, New York. The curriculum was designed to provide English Bible training and to encourage a disciplined life style so that the students would be prepared for a lifetime of Christian service. These schools, including Moody Bible Institute, became the models from which the modern Bible School Movement was formed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Scottish professor who wrote an article on the “Bible” for the Encyclopedia Britanica in 1875. In this article, Smith argued a consistent, Calvinist position of the “high” view of the inspiration of the Bible. He stressed the inner testimony of the Holy Spirit. But he also advocated the use of “higher criticism.” Heresy charges were lodged, but then dropped. In 1880, Smith also wrote an article on “Hebrew Launguage and Literature,” for the newest edition of the E.B., in which he accepted fully, the views of Wellhausen, which caused him to be expelled from the General Assembly of the Scottish Churches. |
|
|
Term
| Stewart, Lyman and Stewart |
|
Definition
| Wealthy Los Angeles businessmen, committed themselves to the publication of a series of doctrinal pamphlets known as The Fundamentals. Between 1910 and 1915, twelve such pamphlets or booklets were published. Conservative scholars such as Benjamin B. Warfield and James Orr contributed to them. Three million copies were distributed free of charge to clergymen, evangelists, missionaries, and Sunday School teachers throughout the country. It was these booklets that gave both visibility and the name that stuck with the movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yi Seung-Hun (1756–1801) was one of the first Roman Catholic martyrs in Korea. He was martyred by beheading during an incident that has come to be known as the Catholic Persecution of 1801. Christianity came to stay in Korea in 1784 through Roman Catholic converts. Sung-Hun Yi, a member of the “annual delegation” from Korea to China in 1783, traveled to Beijing where he came into contact with Jesuit missionaries. He was converted and baptized in 1784. Upon his return to Korea, Yi established a Catholic church and it grew rapidly. Through the 19th Century, Roman Catholicism grew, but its criticism of ancestor worship, a tradition held as important by Confucianists, led to confrontation, and ultimately to the heavy persecution of the Catholics. Throughout the 19th Century, missionaries from the Netherlands, England, and the United States attempted to enter Korea, but were rebuffed. |
|
|
Term
| The Apostolic/Pentecostal Type of Instituted Churches |
|
Definition
| These three groups (Apostolic, Pentecostal, Zionist) share many of the same positions. The so-called Apostolic groups tend to be more sectarian than the others, keeping to themselves, while the Pentecostal groups as well as some Apostolic groups are derived originally from other Pentecostal groups that do not trace their origins to the Zionist churches. Virtually all of these groups employ the use of uniforms, frequently colorful robes, which are unique to the specific group. |
|
|
Term
| The Cross and the Switchblade |
|
Definition
| 1964, Assemblies of God evangelist David Wilkerson told of his ministry to gangs in New York City in this book. His establishment of Teen Challenge, and testimonies that he and others such as Nicky Cruz gave, were something that crowds of new Charismatics wanted to hear. 1966: John Sherrill published Pentecostalism--first major print study on Pentecostal Movement in North America. These books were written during the Second Vatican Council, and would have profound effect upon Roman Catholics as the Council moved to make ecumenical participation a reality for Roman Catholics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a series of doctrinal pamphlets supported by Lyman and Milton Stewart, two wealthy Los Angeles businessmen, in 1910. Between 1910 and 1915, twelve such pamphlets or booklets were published. Conservative scholars such as Benjamin B. Warfield and James Orr contributed to them. Three million copies were distributed free of charge to clergymen, evangelists, missionaries, and Sunday School teachers throughout the country. It was these booklets that gave both visibility and the name that stuck with the movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1953, Newbigin (Indian Theologian) wrote his important book, The Household of God, in which he outlined what he called the three streams of Christianity as he saw them at that time. The first stream he called the Catholic stream. The second stream was the Protestant stream. And the third stream was the Pentecostal stream. He declared that all three streams were essential to a full understanding of the Church. Each had a contribution to make, but apart from the contributions of the other two streams, each was incomplete. According to Newbigen’s argument, Catholics offered structure to the Church through their emphasis upon apostolic succession. Protestants offered the reformed “message” of the Church, that is, what he viewed as its doctrinal orthodoxy. Together, Catholics and Protestants had historically sought to “honour and safeguard the uniqueness, sufficiency and finality of God’s saving acts in Christ.” Yet without the third stream, he contended, they reflected a “Church which is a mere shell, having the form of a Church but not the life.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Product of the 1980’s and named by Peter Wagner. In one sense, it is the successor to the “Charismatic Renewal,” but in a very real sense, it is merely an extension of the renewal into churches that were previously not involved in it. The earlier portion of the Charismatic Renewal found its home in the churches that most Evangelicals would describe as “liberal” or as “unreformed.” In the “Third Wave,” many Evangelical churches joined in the renewal. |
|
|
Term
| Thomas and Manie Ferguson |
|
Definition
| founded the Peniel Mission in 1886; the headquarters for this mission was in Los Angeles. This holiness group was designed especially for the training and ministry of young women. Its primary region of ministry was along the West Coast of the United States, Hawaii, Alaska, and Egypt. The Fergusons published a regular periodical called The Peniel Herald. The work continues today from Sacramento, CA. |
|
|
Term
| Three-Self Patriotic Movement |
|
Definition
| In the midst of the Communist takeover, Christian leaders in China attempted to develop an acceptable place for the Church. As a result, they gave significant support to various Communist social policies. In July 1950, these Christian leaders issued a “Christian Manifesto.” The following October, the Chinese Christian Council adopted the “Christian Manifesto” as policy and following what they had learned from John Nevius they formed what became the Protestant Three-Self Reform Movement, renamed in 1954 the Three-Self Patriotic Movement. Today it is known as the China Christian Council. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transcendentalism, a movement that found Calvinist Orthodoxy too harsh and Unitarian rationalism too arid. What many of these “liberals” believed about Christ was essentially Arian, and the Arian Christology of the earliest liberals would ultimately give way to a purely human conception of Jesus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Norwegian Lutheran of the pietist and missionary stream became the latest General Secretary of this organization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a Presbyterian missionary and the Reverend Henry D. Appenzeller, a Methodist, two missionaries arrived in
what is now Inchon City, a short distance west of Seoul, in South Korea, on Easter Sunday, April 5, 1885.235 By 1887, there were Protestant missionaries in Seoul. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
They required that China make more trading ports available, and they required the Chinese to
participate in free trade. They required indemnities, and Hong Kong was given to the British
on a long-term lease as a concession. The treaties gave complete freedom of access to all
foreigners in China. Not even the Chinese had freedom to go where they wanted. Not only
did foreigners gain access to every part of China, they were protected by the concept of
“extraterritoriality.” This meant that no foreigner was subject to Chinese law. No Chinese
court could prosecute a foreigner. In addition, the treaty demanded religious toleration. The
end result was that foreign missionaries could go anywhere they wanted to go and do anything they wanted to do with impunity. Furthermore, anyone who converted to Christianity would be given the same rights as those who proclaimed it. Some Chinese converted merely to escape Chinese jurisdiction under the laws of the land. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Decree on Ecumenism known also as Unitatis Redintegratio and issued during the Second Vatican Council, called upon Roman Catholics to enter into discussion with other Christians wherever it was possible. The Decree on Ecumenism begins with the recognition that division within the Church is a scandal to the very message that the Church preaches a message of love, reconciliation, and unity (Decree on Ecumenism 1). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In spite of the publication of the Decree on Ecumenism and Pope John Paul II’s attempt to re-articulate the Vatican’s commitment to ecumenism in his 1995 encyclical Ut Unum Sint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
evangelical liberal pastor who popularized evangelical liberalism. like William Newton Clarke, insisted that the church had to come to terms with modern science and the knowledge that emerged as a result of the various quests in which science was engaged. In keeping with this commitment, they embraced
• the historical critical method in the study of the Bible.
• the evolutionary hypothesis as the driving explanation behind the creation narrative,
• the latest psychological theories on such things as personality and used them to describe both God and humankind,
• the latest sociological theories and studies in their analysis of the situations in which ordinary people found themselves, and
• the speculative philosophical discussions informed by the latest philosophical theories. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a former Baptist turned Pentecostal pastor from the Chicago area. suggested the “finished work” theory of sanctification. “Finished Work” Pentecostalism is a designation given to the Pentecostal denominations that rejected the idea of a “crisis” experience of sanctification as well as the idea that entire sanctification included the eradication of the sin nature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Noted American psychologist, used many of the principles of Darwin and Wellhausen in his work on the psychology of religion and the sociology of religion to challenge traditional beliefs even further. The result of all this thinking for many was a crisis in the world of faith. Some refused to accept any of this work as holding implications for Christian Faith (Fundamentalists). Others suggested that the traditional vocabulary of faith and modes of faith needed to be replaced completely (Scientific Modernists). Evangelical Liberals took a third position, a kind of via media or middle road, hoping that the adjustments in interpretation that they offered would be accepted, without sacrificing the essence of the Christian faith. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The three-time loser of the race for the presidency of the United States, William Jennings Bryan lobbied for a resolution against Evolution. The day before the General Assembly voted on the Fosdick case, Bryan offered the following resolution:
Resolved – that no part of the educational fund of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. shall be paid to any school, college, university or theological seminary that teaches or permits to be taught as a proved fact, either Darwinism or any other evolutionary hypothesis that links man in blood relationship with any other form of life.
I. Bryan’s motion was defeated, for even conservative Presbyterians were not willing to make an issue of Evolution at this point. |
|
|
Term
| World Council of Churches |
|
Definition
| Even before the War and as early as 1938, some 50 Protestant Christian leaders from around the world had formed a Committee of the World Council of Churches. The specter of World War II was already emerging, and a number of Christian leaders who were committed to the idea of “visible unity” began to draw up an agenda that was designed to bring Christians together. |
|
|
Term
| World Evangelical Alliance |
|
Definition
The World Evangelical Alliance (WEA) was founded in 1951, although its roots go back to an 1846 meeting in London in which Evangelicals from 8 countries gathered to form an organization. From 1951 until 2001, it was known as the World Evangelical Fellowship. It came into being, in large part, because member churches of the National Association of Evangelicals in the United States desired a means of interacting with other churches in the international arena. As time passed, other churches from around the world began to join it. During the 1950s and 60s, the Europeans would not join it
because it used the term “infallible” in its description of Scripture. The two issues that it considers significant for its work is to provide an alternative to “theological liberalism and unreformed Catholicism.” In recent years it has brokered a “bilateral” discussion with the Vatican, and has sought to have some interaction with the WCC and with the Secretaries of Christian World Communions. Unlike the WCC, which is concerned with the restoration of “visible unity,” the WEA views the Church, the Body of Christ, as “the unity of the Spirit of all true believers.” Today it claims to have a membership of 420 million Christians in 127 countries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Pentecostal church on Yeouido (Yoi Island) in Seoul, South Korea. With about 1,000,000 members (2007), it is the largest Pentecostal Christian congregation in South Korea, and the world. Founded and led by David Yonggi Cho since 1958. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most numerous AIC churches. The impetus for these Zionist type churches can be traced to the United States and to the influence of John Alexander Dowie and the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church of Zion [Illinois]. AIC’s in general are “charismatic”, make frequent appeal to Old Testament & OT figures (Moses or some prophet), lean towards literal interpretation of Scripture, and participate in services with trance-like behavior and/or Spirit possession, divine healing (both physical and emotional), prophetic utterances, and/or glossolalia. Prayers are often loud, fervent, and with expectancy
of miracles. Sing songs of indigenous origin with dance and with drums. |
|
|
Term
| Wesleyan Holiness Movement |
|
Definition
The Wesleyan-Holiness Movement is derived first of all from the teachings of John Wesley.
Wesley, we have noted previously, was an Anglican by commitment but his work in the
Colonies at the time of the American Revolution and the First Great Awakening led to the
establishment of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States. It took a modified Episcopal polity but it incorporated the “Methods” of John Wesley into its work. |
|
|
