3.1

What is a management theory?

A set of assumptions used to describe a particular set of facts of phenomenon and attempts to describe the behaviors associated with management.

3.2

What are the three classical management theories?

1.  Administrative

2.  Scientific management

3.  Bureaucracy

3.3

Who developed administrative management theory and how many principles are associated with the theory?

Henri Fayol. 

14.

3.4

The principles behind Administrative Management Theory outline what?

The thinking guidelines for managers

3.5

Who are the principals behind Scientific Management Theory?

(4 persons)

1.  Frederic Taylor

2.  Henry Gantt

3.  Frank Galbreth

4.  Lillian Galbreth

3.6

What are the five conclusions of Scientific Management Theory?

1.  Substitute rules of thumb with scientific rules

2.  Scientifically selecting, training, teaching and developing workers

3.  Reward to encourage productivity

4.  Simplification of tasks

5.  Expertise is the sole criteria for authority

3.7

According to Scientific Management Theory, who should determine how work should be performed?

Managers, not the workers

3.8

What sociologist is associated with Bureaucracy Theory?

Max Weber (that is VEBER to you buddy!)

3.9

What are the five principles behind Bureaucracy Theory?

1.  Division of labor w/each position occupied by a qualified worker

2.  Consistent organizational rules and procedures

3.  Heirarchy of authority to create a chain-of-command

4.  Impersonality of inter-relationships

5.  Employment and advancement on the basis of technical competence

3.10

What were the two major findings of the Hawthorne Studies?

1.  Work groups influence the individual worker output (clan control)

2.  The attention of management can have significant impact on worker productivity

3.11

What theory of management are the Hawthorne Studies most associated with?

Behavioral Management Theory

3.12

The application of math, statistics and computers to operations research is the basis for what theory of management? 

Management Sciences Theory

3.13

Both CPM and PERT attempt to do what?

Graph the flow of activities of a project from start to finish and focus managerial attention on finding the most time consuming path through the project.

3.14

What are the three time estimates used in PERT analysis?

1. Optimistic

2. Most Likely

3.  Pessimistic

3.15

What are the three Integrative Systems Management Theories?

1.  Systems Approach

2.  Socio-Technical Approach

3.  Contingency Management

3.16

Chester Bernard is associated with which Integrative Management Theory?

Contingency Theory

3.17

Eric Trist is associated with which Integrative Management Theory?

Socio-Technical Approach

3.18

What are the basic characteristics of the Integrative Systems Approach to management?

Examines the organization as a series of:

1.  Inputs

2.  Transformations

3.  Outputs

4.  Feedback

3.19

What is the primary barrier to work team effectiveness?

The unwillingness of management to share responsibility

3.20

What is the conclusion of Contingency Management Theory?

There is not one best way to manage and that the manager has to find different strategies to fit each situation.

3.21

What are the three functions of management?

1.  Interpersonal

2.  Informational

3.  Decision-Making

3.22

What managerial role is the manager using when they are acting as a figurehead, leader or liaison?

Interpersonal role

3.23

What managerial role is the manager using when they are monitoring, disseminating information or acting as a spokesman?

Informational role

3.24 

What managerial role is the manager using when they are acting as an entrepeneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator or negotiator?

Decision Making role

3.24

The characteristics and expected social behavior of an manager is known as what?

The managerial role

3.25

True or False:  A leader uses their skills and strategies to influence the behaviors, thinking and attitudes of others.

TRUE

3.27

How does a manager influence others?

By the nature of their position and authority in the organization

3.28

What are the six assumed traits considered necessary for an effective leader under the The Leadership Trait Approach?

1.  Attractiveness

2.  Cooperativeness

3.  Popularity

4.  Interpersonal Skills

5.  Social Participation

6.  Tact

3.29

What type of leadership would a manager who believes in Theory X employ?

Directive

3.30

What are the five characteristics of a Theory Z organization?

1.  Stresses individual responsibility

2.  Collective decision making

3.  Slow evaluation and promotion

4.  Long-term employment

5.  Holistic concern for the employee

3.31

Autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire are examples of what approach to management?

Leadership Style Approach

3.32

Evaluating the balance b/n the leader's concern for task production and their concern for people is associated with which management approach?

Leader Behavior Approach

3.33

The Managerial-Grid Approach to management is associated with what two individuals?

1.  Robert Blake

2.  Jane Mouten

3.34

What three considerations are attempted to be balanced under the Contigency Approach to management?

1.  Leader authority

2.  Subordinate interest

3.  Nature of the situation

3.35

What three situational factors were identified by Frederick Fiedler as being necessary for a leader to consider?

1.  Leader-member relations

2.  Task structure

3.  Position power

3.36

Name the four leader styles associated with Blanchard and Hersey.

1.  Delegation

2.  Participation

3.  Selling of the idea

4.  Directive telling style

3.37

What are the five strategies a manager can use to influence people to follow them?

1.  Pioneering

2.  Enlisting

3.  Acting

4.  Celebrating

5.  Empowering

3.38

Motivational principles can be categorized into what three categories?

1.  Content-based

2.  Process-based

3.  Reinforcement-based

3.39

Which motivation principle is concerned with the NEEDS of those we wish to influence?

Content-based Theory

3.40

What are the three Content-Based Theories?

1.  Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

2.  Herzberg's Two Factor Theory

3.  McClelland's Acquired Needs

3.41

What are the two factors considered in Herzberg's Two Factor Theory?

1.  Motivators

2.  Hygienes

3.42

What are the three underlying principles in McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory?

1.  Achievement

2.  Affiliation

3.  Power

3.43

The theories that considers HOW employees make choices to satisfy varoius needs is referred to as what?

Process-Based Theories

3.44

What are the three Process-Based Theories?

1.  Equity Theory

2.  Path-Goal Theory

3.  Expectancy Theory

3.45

Which Process-Based Theory is based on the assumption that people need, seek and value fairness in their work situation?

Equity Theory

3.46

What are the four methods employees will use to reduce a perceived inequity at work?

1.  Change the input level

2.  Change the output level

3.  Rationale differently

4.  Leave

3.47

According to the Path-Goal Theory, what three things does the leader need to do to provide structure to an employee?

1.  Clarify tasks

2.  Clear the path

3.  Increase opportunities for personal satisfaction

3.48

What Process-Based Theory is based on the notion that motivation is a function of how much an employee wants a reward that is offered and an understanding of whether they think the reward is attainable?

Expectancy Theory

3.49

What are the five methods a person can use to overcome the barriers to effective listening?

1.  Pay attention

2.  Listen patiently

3.  Establish a quite environment

4.  Being flexibile in their viewpoint

5.  Pay attention to their non-verbal communication

3.50

What are the five positive outcomes of conflict in an organization?

1. Increased creativity

2.  Clarification of organizational goals

3.  Focus of attention on important issues

4.  Development of negoation/bargaining skills

5.  Promote understanding

3.51

What are the two negatives of organizational conflict?

1.  Emotional distress in the workforce

2.  Loss of productivity

3.52

What are the two classifications of conflict?

1.  Emotional

2.  Substantive

3.53

What are the three steps to managing conflict?

1.  Recognize your role in the conflict

2.  Understand the expected outcomes

3.  Evaluate the conflict management approch in light of the expected outcomes

3.54

What are the three methods for managing conflict?

1.  Bargaining

2.  Controlling

3.  Confrontation

3.55

Who are the two major contributors to Behavioral Management Theory?

Maslow and McGregor (M+Ms)

3.56

According to Contigency Approach to management, a subordinate considers two factors prior to complying with a directive from a manager, what are these two factors?

1.  If the directive is consistent wtih organizational purpose and their own needs

2.  Something they think they are capable of doing

3.57

The interpersonal, informational and decision-making functions of management were theorized by whom?

Henry Mintzberg

3.58

What three types of conflict can result in role ambiguity for the manager?

1.  Intra-role conflict

2.  Inter-role conflict

3.  Interpersonal conflict

3.59

Intra-role conflict for a manager is defined as what?

The conflict resulting from different expectations from others on the same role

3.60

Inter-role conflict for a manager can arise from what?

The need to choose between two conflicting roles

3.61

The central tenet in Theory Z is what?

Employees are human captial and are to be cultivated and developed

3.62

Who are the three main contributors to the Leadership by Assumptions Theory?

1.  Douglas McGregor

2.  W.E. Deming

3.  William Ouichi

3.63

What are the five levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

1.  Physiological

2.  Safety

3.  Social

4.  Ego

5.  Self-Actualization

3.64

Which of the two factors is Herzberg's Two Factor Theory leads to job satisfaction?

Motivators

3.65

What are the two keys to effective reiforcement of a behavior?

The timing and the type of reinforcement

3.66

Violence in the workplace is attibuted to what three factors?

1.  The individual's support system

2.  Labor market conditions

3.  Changing societal values

3.67

What are the three tyes of feedback that exists in the communication process?

1.  Negative

2.  Positive

3.  Ambiguous

3.68

What are the five classes of communication?

1.  Intrapersonal

2.  Interpersonal

3. Small Group

4.  Organizational

5.  Mass

3.69

What are the two directions of communication?

Vertical and Horizontal

3.70

What is the most common direction of communication in an organization?

Vertical - especially "downward" communications via directives

3.71

What conflict management technique should be used when uneven power exists and interdependence is not high between the parties?

Controlling

3.72

What conflict management technique should be used when a balance of power must be maintained owing to a high degree of interdependence?

Bargaining

3.73

What conflict management technique should be used in any circumstance but effectiveness depends on the personalities involved and the pressures of time or setting?

Confrontation