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Definition
| In experimental research, a group of participants exactly like the treatment group in every way possible except they receive no treatment |
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Definition
Occurs when the treatment being applied to one group spills over to or contaminates another group
Groups should not have much contact. Confidentiality should be emphasized. |
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| The group receiving the treatment |
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Definition
| Involves the ability to generalize study results to other groups and setting beyond those in the current study |
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Definition
Occurs when participant's attitude toward being involved in a study affects the way they behave
Similar incentives should be provided to both the control group and the experimental group in order to eliminate attitude differences. |
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Definition
When the events occur outside of a research study between the pretest and the posttest that could affect participants in such a way as to have an impact on the dependent variable
Compare changes by using a control group |
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Term
| History Treatment Interaction |
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Definition
a threat to external validity that develops "when the researcher tried to generalize findings to past and future situations"(Creswell, 2005, p.294, Chapter 9)
Factors should be identified in order to cease overgeneralizing |
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Definition
A threat to internal validity that occurs when those responsible for implementing the experimental treatment inadvertently introduce inequality of bias into the study.
Impartial facilitator should present instructions. |
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Definition
| The extent to which the observed effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable are real and not caused by extraneous factors |
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Definition
Occurs when there are differences in the locations where interventions take place
Interventions should be implemented in the same location(s) to establish few differences. |
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Definition
Changes seen in the subjects are a result of the time that has elapsed since the study began and not any program effects
A control group should be utilized to eliminate invalid connections. |
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Definition
A threat to validity from an attrition of study participants
Small groups who have undergone background evaluations should be used. |
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Definition
Threat to validity that occurs when study participants are selected in a nonrandom manner
Randomization and pretests should be utilized to make ensure equality between the control and experimental groups. |
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Term
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Definition
Something that looks like the actual treatment, but in reality has no effect; often used in drug studies/differences caused by participants' expectations instead of any provided treatment
Identical information should provided to each group. |
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Term
| Selection Maturation Effect |
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Definition
Threat to validity that occurs when intact groups are used and the groups vary on heir maturation level
A screening should take place before creating each group to ensure equality |
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Term
| Selection Treatment Interaction |
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Definition
External threat to validity that concern the ability of a researcher to generalize the results of a study beyond the groups involve in the study due to the way the study groups were selected
Overgeneralization should be avoided by predicting/determining what differences exist in the large group. |
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Term
| Setting Treatment Interaction |
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Definition
Research needs to be able to be recreated.
Details of experiment should be very accurately recorded to ensure the setting van be replicated. |
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Term
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Definition
| When participant are selected on the basis of their extremely high or low scores they will tend to regress toward the norm |
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Definition
Learning that results from taking a pretest causes one to do better on a posttest.
A control group should be used. |
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Term
| Treats to Internal Validity |
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Definition
| Any aspect of a study that causes one to question if the results are true and accurate |
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