Term
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Definition
| Dendrites, cell body, nucleus, axon, axon hillock |
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Term
| What does a verterbrate sensory neuron look like? |
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Definition
| Dendrites at both ends of a long thin axon |
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Term
| Invertebrate motor neuron |
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Definition
| cell body at one end, dendrites at the other |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| axon branches into two, but proper dendrites only at one end |
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Term
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Definition
| cell body opposite to axon, dendritic tree along the way |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Voltage gated ion channels |
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Definition
| open transiently in response to changes in the membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
| open in response to a specific extracellular signal |
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Term
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Definition
| opens/ closes in response to a specifc intracellular module |
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Term
| How do we know the action potential is caused by movement of sodium |
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Definition
| Action potential is reduced if external sodium is removed, drugs which block voltage gated sodium channels will block action potential |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe an action potential |
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Definition
| Voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed. cell becomes depolarised. Na+ channels all open, K+ channels start to open, Na+ channels are inactiavated and K+ channels are maximally activated.The potential undershoots the resting potential due to slow K+ closing, causing a hyperpolarised period |
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Term
| Absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| All Na+ channels are inactivated |
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Term
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Definition
| Most Na+ channels are inactivated |
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Term
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Definition
| 10nm protein filaments that maintain calibre and interity of axonal cylinder |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 25nm, consists of 13 subunits of tubulin arranged in spiral structure that grow by addition of tubulin. The minus ( slow growing end) is located at the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| weiss and hiscoe discovered that material accumulates behind a ligature |
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Term
| Three types of axonal flow |
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Definition
fast anterograde - 90/360 mm/day
slow antero grade1-3.5mm/ day
retrograade 90-360mm a day |
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Term
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Definition
| Dynein, retrograde force that uses ATPase, ATP dependent binding to MTs, 1250 kDa, with 9 subunits, requires ATP, Ca ATPase 41% of Mg ATPase |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anterograde force, ATPase, ATP dependent bind to MTs, 380 kDa with 4 subunits, can use ATP, GTP or ITP |
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Term
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Definition
| dynactin for most functions, it improves the motor efficiency and acts as an adaptor |
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Term
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Definition
| Two heads which 'walk' along the microtubule, two intertwined necks for the stalk, with both tails attached to the cargo |
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Term
| Huntingtons and sclerosis |
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Definition
| both have proteins that can perturb transport |
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Term
| The majority of axonal proteins move by |
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Definition
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Term
| Transport rate is directed by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| synthesised and stored in the presynaptic nerve, their release is calcium dependent, the action of transmitter is identical to nerve stimulation, and there is a means of transmitter inactivation |
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Term
| Major classes of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Quaternary ammonium, mono amines, amino acids, polypeptides, purines, nitric oxide |
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Term
| Quaternary ammonium neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Term
| monoamine neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, 5-HT, Histamine |
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Term
| Amino acid neurotransmitters, |
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Definition
| L glutamate, glycine, GABA, taurine |
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Term
| Polypeptide neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Opioids, tachykinins, gastrins, somatostatins, VIP |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What does nitric oxide bind to |
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Definition
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Term
| Excitatory only neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine, glutamate, catecholamines, serotonin, histamines, ATP |
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Term
| Inhibitory only neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Term
| Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Neuropeptides and nitric oxide |
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Term
| Postsynaptic effecet of endocannabinoids |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Acetylcholine removed |
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Definition
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Term
| Which neurotransmitters are removed by transporters |
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Definition
| Glutamate, GABA, glycine, Catecholamines, serotonin, histamine |
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Term
|
Definition
| ATPase to AMP and adenosine |
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Term
| How are neuropeptides removed |
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Definition
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Term
| How are endocannabinoids removed |
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Definition
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Term
| How is nitric oxide removede |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Allow chemicals to move into a collector by diffusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| converts neurotransmitters found on brain tissue slices to derivatives, which are ionsied and mass spectrometrised |
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Term
| How can toxins or antibodies be used to identify receptors |
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Definition
| label them with fluorescent things |
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Term
| Cell attached patch clamp |
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Definition
| recording pipette makes tight contact over a gate and applies mild suction |
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Term
|
Definition
| recording pipette breaks cell membrane but ensures the cytoplasm is continuous with the pipette interior |
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Term
|
Definition
| Part of the membrane is torn off by the recording pipette and expose to the rest of the extracellular matrix |
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Term
|
Definition
| Part of the membrane is torn off and split in two, before being allowed to anneal, the pipette will record what would normally move into the cell |
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Term
| Affinity chromatography purification of ion channels |
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Definition
| Layer sample on chromatography tube filled with ligands, non binding proteins will pass through and be collected, then the tube is eluted, and the ligand binding proteins will pass through and be collected seperatly |
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Term
| Radioligand binding assay |
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Definition
| Radioactively labelled ligands/drugs which will bind to a receptor are chosen, then incubated with the cells/cell membranes, then wait for it to reach equilibrium , then separate unbound ligands, and measure the amount of radioactivity |
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Term
| What assumptions are made by radioligand binding |
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Definition
| all receptors are equally accesoible to ligands, all receptors are free or bound, neither ligand nor receptor are altered, and the binding is reversible |
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Term
| Ionotropic vs metabotropic receptors |
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Definition
| Ionotropic, neurotransmitter binds to channel and channel and channel opens, metabotropic, neurotransmitter bidns to recepttor, activating g proteins, which cause the ion channel to open through various methods |
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Term
| Methods by which G proteins can open ion channels |
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Definition
| directly, secondary messenger, cyclic CMP, modifying phospholipid turnover (which act ias secondary messengers), change intracellular Ca++ to modify cell fucntion |
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Term
| Norepinephrine effector pathway |
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Definition
| Norpinephrine -> receptor -> g protein -> adenylyl cyclase -> cAMP - > protein kinase A -> increased protein phosphorylation |
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Term
| Glutamate effector pathway |
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Definition
| glutamate, receptor, g protein, phospholipase C, either diacyl glycerol or IP3, diacylglycerol to protein kinase C, IP3 to Ca2+, both cause increased protein phosphylation and activate calcium binding proteins |
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Term
| Dopamine effector pathway |
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Definition
| dopamine, receptor, g protein, decreased adenylyl cyclase, decreased cAMP, decreased protein kinase A, decreased protein phosphorylation |
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Term
| Why bother with a long pathway for an effect |
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Definition
| allows signal amplification, so increases potency of signal |
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Term
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Definition
| substance released which modifies the action of another transmitter without causing a change in membrane permeability |
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Term
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Definition
| peptides released from the same nerve ending to modify excitability of tarfet cell |
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Term
| gaseous neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| activation of NO synthase which produces NO, which will diffuse rapidly to adjacent cells and activate g proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| presynaptic receptors which will respond to released transmitter to modify their own release process |
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Term
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Definition
| identified receptors with unkown endogenous ligands and functions |
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Term
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Definition
| iconic, short term, long term |
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Term
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Definition
| photographic, lost as language develops, persists in adults for short retention times |
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Term
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Definition
| limited capacity, retention >10 secs without rehearsel |
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Term
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Definition
| stable, long storage, not easily disrupted |
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Term
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Definition
| Associative and non associative, non associative is split into habituation and sinsitization |
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Term
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Definition
| Long term and short term, long term is split into declarative and non declarative |
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Term
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Definition
| medial temporal lobe, facts and events |
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Term
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Definition
| procedural (skills, stored in striatum), Classical - split into muscular ( cerebellum) and Emotional (amygdala) |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs or chemicals which enhance memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| of memory molecules between organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| information coded in nucleic acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to increases or decreases in their activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| two potentials being close enough together in time to trigger an action potential |
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Term
|
Definition
| two potentials being physically close enough to trigger an action potential |
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Term
| When the presynaptic and post synaptic elements are both active |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Neurones that cause action potentials in the postsynaptic cell that are correlated with the activity in the postsynaptic cell will gain a stronger connection, neurons that do not will grow weaker and degrade |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated stimuli results in a reduced response |
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Term
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Definition
| overly strong stimulus will overcome habituation |
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Term
| Difference between normal action potential, and habituation and sensitisation action potential, |
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Definition
habituation - reduced Ca++ channel opening, reduction of transmitter release
sensitisation - cyclic AMP is produced, closing K+ channels and leading to an influx of Ca++, causing more transmitter release |
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Term
| Difference between long term and short term synaptic changes |
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Definition
| short term effects are modulation of existing ion channel function, long term involves changes in protein syntheses, such as activation of catalytic subunit of protein kinase in the nucleus, which phophorylates CRED, turning on genes which produce the synaptic changes |
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Term
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Definition
| activates an mRNA that targets synapses |
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Term
| Fertilization to functional |
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Definition
| proliferation, specification, migration, determination, differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| fertilization-> cleavage ->blastula (first layers) -> trophoblast -> gastrula |
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Term
|
Definition
| skin, brain, spinal cord and sensory organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| heart, skeletal muscles, kidneys, blood cells, connective tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| gastrointestinal tract, lungs, pancreas, liver |
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Term
| Formation of neural crest |
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Definition
| shaping, folding, elevation, convergence, closure |
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Term
|
Definition
| outer, neural crest, neural tube |
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Term
| Neural crest cells become |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| brain, neural pituitary, spinal cord |
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Term
| Mesoderm from the dorsal side can |
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Definition
| induce nearby cells to become nervous system and other dorsal fates |
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Term
| Model for induction of neural fate |
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Definition
| Ectoderm is non-neural until signal makes it competent for neural, but BMPs prevent it from becoming actual neural, until antagonists produced by the dorsal midline mesoderm inhibit BMP |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibit neural fate, making ectoderm cells likely to become epidermal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When it is first formed, the neural tube is a |
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Definition
| pseudostratified epitheleum of proliferating cells |
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Term
| As neural cells begin to differentiate |
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Definition
| they move outwards from the proliferating epithelium, so proliferating cells are always lining the lumen |
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Term
| What decides where a cell ends up and what it becomes |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Sonic hedgehog gene/protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| several different proteins being expressed at different lengths from the plate, as Shh is expressed at the ventral plate, and the diffusion gradient of Shh decides the proteins expressed, which decide the fate of the cell |
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Term
| In the CNS, development progresses from |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| early marker for presumptive neural crest |
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Term
| Neural crest cells only become specialised |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cells of the PNS that do not come from the neural crest come from |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Neurons born -specify/migrate - > differentiate - axons and dendrites elongates, synapses for and transmitters/receptors are produced |
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Term
|
Definition
| extend into filapodia when growth cone is active |
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Term
|
Definition
| when a neuron follows an earlier neurons path |
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Term
| Cell surface positive guidance cues |
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Definition
| Cell adhesion molecules - calcium independent, cadherins - calcium dependent, integrins |
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Term
| Cell surface negative guidance cues |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Secreted positive guidance cues |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Secreted negative guidance cues |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| crucial for integration of sensory modalities, motor commands and processing of brain functions |
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|
Term
| After crossing the midline axons join one of three fasciclin II positive fascicles. Which ones do what? |
|
Definition
| Axons expressing robo1 join the closest fascicle, expressing robo1 and robo3 join the next closest. expressing robo 1 ,2 and 3 join the third fascicle. this is because they are growing as far as possible away from slit |
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Term
|
Definition
| already existing path for neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| mediate the repulsive properties of the midline |
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|
Term
| CNS blocks to nerve recovery |
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Definition
| inhibition by myelin associated inhibitors, e.g. NOgo produced by glia at damage site, astroglial scarring is a chemical and physical barrier |
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Term
|
Definition
| Distal stump degenerates induced by activation of proteases and Ca++ influx, components are recycled by macrophages and schwann cells, allowing full regeneration |
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Term
| Molecular basis for regeneration |
|
Definition
| Peripheral lesion leads to increased cAMP. Injection of a cAMP analagou allows CNS regeneration. Blocking PKA activity after peripheral lesion blocks effect on CNA arm.PKA can inhibit Rho activity (Rho inhibits regeneration). |
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|
Term
| How do antibodies vs NogoA and rho aid regeneration |
|
Definition
| Binding of nogo receptor prevents activation of Rho pathway, and rho inhibits regeneration |
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|
Term
| Why is glial scarring necessary |
|
Definition
| damaged nerves release ions excitatory amino acids and free radicals which causes secondary degeneration |
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Term
|
Definition
| provide trophic support for surviving neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| allows visual plasticity to be ractivated in rats |
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|
Term
| What is a neural stem cell |
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Definition
| multipotent, self-renewing, in culture form neurospheres, turn into neuronal or glial progenitors, then specialize as neurons (from neuronal progenitor) or astrocytes/ oligodendrocytes (glial progenitor) |
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|
Term
| Issues with neural stem cell treatments |
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Definition
| cancer, rejection, "ethics", side effects |
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Term
| Main targets of the retina |
|
Definition
| superior colliculus, dorsal thalamus |
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Term
|
Definition
| along surface of retina to exit point, netrin 1 at nerve exit, at optic chiasma, most axons cross to opposite side, but some dont, |
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|
Term
| temporal axons are repelled by |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neurotrophins bind preferentially to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do neurotrophic factors increase neuronal survival |
|
Definition
| cause a reduction in the release of cytochrome c, which results in less cell death |
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Term
|
Definition
| channels provide a low resistance pathway between cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Axon to dendrite transmission |
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Term
|
Definition
| dendrite to dendrite transmission |
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Term
|
Definition
| axon to initial segment of acon |
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Term
|
Definition
| dendrite a to dendrite b, dendrite b to dendrite a |
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Term
|
Definition
| growth cone approaches a newly formed myotube, an unspecialised functional contact is formed, the nerve terminal accumulates synaptic vedicles containing acetylcholine and a basal lamina forms in the synaptic ceft, multiple axons converge on a single site, all axons except one are eliminated and the survivor matures |
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Term
|
Definition
| a kinase called MuSK, which affects a protein called rapsyn, that anchors acetylcholine receptors to the cytroskeleton |
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|
Term
| Spinal cord motor neuron axons can be up to |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In dendrites, protein synthesis occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the synaptic regions, the major cytoskeletal filament is formed by |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Three major groups of Kinesins |
|
Definition
| N-terminal, middle, C terminal |
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|
Term
| N terminal KIFs generall move towards |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C terminal KIFs move toward |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The KIFs that depolymerize microtubules are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of dynein protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytoplasmic dynein is used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind to actin and use ATP to generate force |
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|
Term
| What occurs after the axon of a CNS neuron is cut? |
|
Definition
| Ca2+ builds up in the cut ends, large vesicles fill the axon. the calcium binds witha receptor causing release of SNARE complexes that trigger vesicle fusion. This seals the axon |
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|
Term
| How do filamentous cargoes move along microtubules |
|
Definition
| Long periods of rest, movements in one direction |
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|
Term
| How do vesicular cargoes move along microtubules |
|
Definition
| frequent pauses and directional switches |
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