examines the meaning between words and the ways in which these connections are indicated.

Also the study of word marking: how grammatial relationships between words are indicated. 

what a word sounds like when it is spoken

/kæt/ sounds very different from /dɑg/

the creation of different grammatical forms of words

NOT entirely new words

A root by definition contains ______ morpheme(s). 

A stem contains _________ morpheme(s).

Root= one morpheme

stem= one or more morphemes

affix contains _________ morpheme(s)

Affixes that follow a stem are called...

or before a stem are called...

suffixes--> following stem

prefixes --> before stem

homophonous

can be either inflectional (taller, faster) or derivational (speaker, runner)

cannot stand alone 

for example, affixes

morphemes that seem to have an associated meaning but are unable to stand on their own.

EX: raspberry

rasp= bound root

berry= free morpheme 

indicate a change in meaning with respect to the root to which they attach

any affix that when added to a stem produces a word that belongs to a different part of speech class, such as turning nouns to adjectives

re+play

like+y likely (noun to adjective)

eastablish+ment= establishment (verb to noun)

speakers are able to apply to form novel words.

EX: -tion is not general added to create new nouns, whereas -ness is

morphemes that serve only to provide information about grammatical function by relating certain words of a sentence to each other.

EX: preposition (at, for, and by)

articles (a, an, the)

conjunctions (and, but, or)

-s

made of one part, only one morpheme

EX: catalog

combining words with affixes following rule-governed process.

New words or forms of words are being created

prefixes

suffixes

infixes

process of creating new words, not by means of affixes, but from two or more independent words

EX: girlfriend, blackbird, air-conditioner, looking-glass, lifeguard chair

morpheme internal modification.

EX: (man to men), (woman to women), (goose to geese), (foot to feet), or (ring, rang, rung).

"inflectional morphology is used to indicate number and case and tense and person"

Like foot to feet, goose to geese.

Changes the part of speech

Strife to Strive, teeth to teethe, 

root will have one or more inflected terms phonetically unrelated to the shape of the root. 

Present [is] to past [was].

Present [go] to past [went].

adj :good

adj: bad

comparatives? Superlatives?

Comparative: better, worse

Superlative: best, worst

they are made up of sequences of free morphemes.

Also called isolating languages

EX: Mandarin Chinese

NOTE: these languages make no use of morphological processes at all

bound morphemes are attached to other morphemes, so a word may be made up of several meaningful elements. 

EX: Hungarian is a synthetic language

Agglutinating

Fusional

Polysynthetic

the morphemes are bound together rather loosely & it is usually fairly easy to see where the boundries are between morphemes.

EX: Hungarian, Swahili

words are formed by adding bound morphemes to stems but the affixes may not be as easy to spot & seperate from the stem.

EX: English/ Spanish

highly complex words may be formed by combining several stems and affixes.

May incorporate nouns into verbs, as is the case with Sora (Indian Lang)

painter, killer, lover

agentive morpheme

longer, colder, prettier

comparative morpheme

[Im] before labials- [p],[b],[m]

[I-ng-] before velars- [k],[g]

[Ir] before [r]

[Il] before [l]

[In] everywhere else

(before vowels & other consonants)

1. isolate and compare forms that are particularly similar

2. if a single form has two meanings then it must be analyized using different morphemes

3. if same meaning and function are associated with different phonetic forms, these different forms all represent allomorphs of a morpheme, and the choice of the form may be predictable on the basis of phonetic environment