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| ______ is not a perfect index of motor learning. |
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| _______ produces reliable performance changes. |
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| Motor learning may not lead to _______ ______. |
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| Motor learning is a _____ by which the ______ for produceing movement performance adn the actual movement performance are ______ changed through instruction, _____ and/or experience. |
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Definition
| Process, Capability, Reliably, Practice |
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Term
| What does Adam's closed loop theory rely heavily on to guide learning? |
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| Adams closed loop theory assumed the existence of what two memory states? |
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Definition
- The memory trace
- The perception trace |
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| Selects and initiates a plan of action in Adams closed loops theory. |
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| What compares the movement in progress with a correct memory of the movement in Adams closed loop theory. |
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| What was considered essential for learning in Adam's closed loop theory? |
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Definition
| The strengthening of the two memory states |
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Term
| This theory uses the GMP, and has invariant and variant features. |
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Definition
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| Is used to guide the planning and execution of a broad variety of movements in the Schema theory. |
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Definition
| GMP - Abstract representation of movement |
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| In the Schema theory what feature represents the order of events, relative timing, and relative force? |
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| This theory is involved in the production of movement. |
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| What 4 important pieces of information were extracted from every performance to develop recall and recognition schemata? |
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Definition
- Initial conditions
- Specific movement parameters
- Sensory consequences
- Actual movement outcome |
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Term
| This theory states; Once abstracted, certain rules or, principals of operation could be developed and used to guide action. |
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| This theory states; The idea that learners seek to discover the lawful properties of the environment is central. |
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Definition
| Ecological theories of perception and action |
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| This theory emphasizes the changing relationship between the perception and the action environment. |
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| This theory states that the end product of learning is not a memory based representation of the action. |
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Term
| What are Reissman's 3 learner styles? |
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Definition
- Visual
- Aural
- Physical |
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Term
| What are 3 neurological changes with learning? |
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Definition
- Cortical representations
- Brain chemistry
- Morphological changes |
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Term
The 4 weakness of this theory are;
- Predictions were tested only using slow, linear pisitioning movements
- Can't account for deafferentation studies
- Storage problem
- Novelty problem |
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Definition
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Term
| This theory of motor learning stores parameters. |
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Definition
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Term
| This theory is a closed loop, slow, dependent on feedback, memory and perceptual trace. |
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| This theory of motor learning does not have any memory representation. |
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The 3 weaknesses of this theory are;
- Cannot explain development of new patters of coordination
- Unable to account for spontaneous compensations to changes in environment
- Overemphasizes the role of cognitive processes |
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Definition
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Term
| What 4 things affect the shape of a performance curve? |
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Definition
- Nature of the task
- The learner
- The conditions
- How it was measured |
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Term
| When do ceiling nad floor effects occur? |
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Definition
| when task is too easy or too difficult |
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Term
| What 4 things cause a learning plateau? |
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Definition
- Transition between performance strategies
- Prerequisite skills not aquired
- Psychological factors
- Physical factors/readiness |
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Term
| What are the 4 psychological factors that cause learning plateau? |
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Definition
- Inability to control emotional arousal
- lack of motivation
- personal problems
-fear of failure |
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Term
| This law states that the higher the level of expertise and the time spent on the task, the more difficult it is to improve. |
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Definition
| The Power Law of Practice |
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Term
| What are 4 limitations of performance curves? |
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Definition
- Do not provide evidence for reliable learning
- Sources other than learning can contribute to the changes
- Differences in performers masked
- Differences between trials within the same person are masked |
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Term
| How would a retention test be performed? |
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Definition
| After period of time the task is performed without feedback |
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Term
| This test measures the performer's ability to adapt what they have learned to different conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
| What can transfer tests determine? |
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Definition
- If performace changes are permanent or temporary
- The direction of transfer
- Generalizability of transfer |
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Term
| ______ is the increased dificulty as a result of introducing three or more tasks in the same practice session. |
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Definition
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Term
| The practioner must decide what 2 things? |
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Definition
- How many practices a week
- How to space practice between each session |
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Term
| Distributed Practice is what? |
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Definition
| rest time is equal to greater than practice time |
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Term
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Definition
| practice time is considerably higher than rest time |
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Term
| Do distributed or massed practices produce immediate improvements in performance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 4 things should be considered when decided a practice schedule? |
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Definition
- The type of skill to be learned
- The goal of each practice
- The skill of the learner
- The number and length of practices |
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Term
| What are 3 instructional techniques that can be used to improve practice? |
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Definition
- Guidance techniques
- Whole vs. Part task strategies
- Attentional Cueing and whole practice |
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Term
| What are 3 types of guidance techniques? |
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Definition
- Range
- Physical
- Manual |
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Term
| If manual guidance is over used what can happen? |
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Definition
| it can have negative consequences on learning |
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Term
| Factors to consider when decideing how much contextual interference is appropriate for a practice session. |
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Definition
- Task Characteristics
- Learner Characteristics |
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Term
| What are 4 learner characteristics to consider regarding contextual interference? |
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Definition
- Age
- Experience
- Intellectual Capacity
- Learning Style |
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Term
| Rnage from intermittent verbally given performance cues to... |
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Definition
| mechanical performance aids |
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Term
| What is physical guidance commonly used for? |
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Definition
| Guide early skill attemps and provide physchological support for young learner |
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Term
| Can be used to convey the general idea of a movement pattern not previously performed. |
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Definition
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| Can serve as important psychological support. |
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Definition
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| This form of guidance is reccomended for use during the early stages of learning skills that may lead to injury. |
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Definition
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Term
| Whole pranctice is good for what type of skills? |
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Definition
| Low complexity and high in organization |
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| Part practice is good for what kind of skill? |
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Definition
| High in complexity, low in organization |
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Term
| What are 3 part practice methods? |
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Definition
- Segmentation
- Simplification
- Fractionization |
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Term
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Definition
| Practice one part then pranctice it with the next part and so on |
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Term
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Definition
| Reducing the difficulty of specific parts of a skill |
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Definition
| Practice each arm seperate before both arms together |
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