Provide us an explanation for observable physical evens, and identify the variables

·         Coordination

Involves patterns of head, body, and limb relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events

Ex: a person must coordinate one’s body to follow a path, or step over a branch

Degrees of freedom

The number of indecent elements or components in a control system, and the number way each component can act

Ex: Elbow Flexion/extension

·         Degrees of Freedom problem

The design problem involves determining how to constrain the systems many degrees so that it can produce specific amount

Ex: Using two things in helicopter to control all aspects of movement

open-loop

Is quick, has no error control

Reacts without the use of feedback, all the information needed to carry out task is contained in initial instructions of the effectors

1. Requiers feedback

2. Movement instructions-uses an initial instruction to inmate the movement, but the actual completion of movement depends on feedback information

This allows the control center to: 1.carry on the same task 2.provide additional instructions3. Correct movement error

A memory representation that stores information to perform an action

The memory repression of a class of actions that share common invariant characteristics; it provides the basis for controlling a specific action within the class of actions

The memory repression of a class of actions that share common invariant characteristics; it provides the basis for controlling a specific action within the class of actions

The part of the GMP that can be changed from one persomcanc of a skill to another.

When you wind a record the song has the same music (invariant), but there is a change in how it sounds (parameters)/ Writing with an opposite hands (parameter) but there will be many similarities (invariant)

A set of rules that serves to provide the basis for a decision

It uses by abstracting important information and applying them into a related subject

Ex: see one dog then every dog you see will be known as a dog

Using motor response schema we now are capable of controlling our movement s even if it’s a new situation

The control of coordinated movement that emphasizes the role of information in the environment of the body and limbs

Scientist is interested in how we move from one stable state to a different one

Finger tapping will become the same at a fast speed

·         Dynamic Pattern Theory

The control of coordinated movement that emphasizes the role of information in the environment of the body and limbs

Scientist is interested in how we move from one stable state to a different one

Finger tapping will become the same at a fast speed

·         Stability

Steady state of a system that represents preferred behavioral state

When slightly disturbed it will return to this state

Represent stable regions of operation around which behavior typical occurs when a system is allowed to operate in its preferred manner

Used to be more energy sufficient

·         Self origination

Means that when certain conditions characterize a situation a specific stable behavior occurs EX: hurricans

·         Coordinative structures

When muscles act together to form a movement/ or one can take over when other is blocked. They can occur naturally, through practice, or experience

·         Perception and action coupling

·         Speed-Accuracy trade off

When both speed and accuracy are essential to perform the skill, this is called speed-accuracy trade-off

Showed we could mathematically predict movement time for speed – accuracy skills

–       If we know the spatial dimensions of two variables:

Movement distance, Target size

Penalty kick will be more likely in a wider area

Skills that require arm, hand, or finger movement- key to key hole

·         The two motor process that underline speed accuracy skill

open control to iniate the movemnt

closed to terminate it

Swimming together compared to playing guitar and separate movements

Favor symmetrical but with practice can develop asymmetric

·         Three stages of information processing

1.      Stimulus identification

2.      Response selection

3.      Response programming

Reaction time will increase with the increase of stimulus

Number of possible stimuli, recuing, s-r compatibility, fore period length and relaratirty, movement complexity, accuracy, practice, double stimulation

As predictability of one choice increases, Reaction time decreases

Cost benefit- chance of taking a shot at a certain point and likeliness to make it

Reaction time will decrease if the stimulus response closely matches the response

Pressing a button when the light is above it instead of diagonal, or STROOP effect

·         Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)

The delay in a person’s RT to the 2^nd of two closely spaced stimuli relative to the Control RT (basketball fake)

·         Output chunking

The act of organizing and producing movements as a single unit

Alertness of performer- warning, diligence (minting focus)

2. Attention focused more on signal rather than movement

Postural-organization of movements needed for postural

Motor control events that occur in preparation

Limb movement, object control, sequence movement, spatial coding, and rythmicity preparation

Refers to perceptual,cognitive, and motor activities establish limits to our performance of motor skills

Durning multictasking

Focus on its limitations during:

Multiple task performance

Detection of relevant info

Exceeding capacity results in a decrement of performance (creates interference)

·         Filter theories -Bottle neck theory

Humans have difficulty doing multiple tas

ke because the information processing system functions serialy, and can only process on piece at a time

Ensure completion of one task

Involunatary attention allocation

novel-not relative

meanigfulnees- to jsut you

Momentary intenitons- becuase of instructions

·         Dual-task procedures

Determines amount of attention required to perform and action. The procdure involves assessing the degree of interference caused by one task when a person is simultuaneously perfomrnaing another task

·         Attentional focus

The directing of attention to specific characteristics in a performance environment, or to action-preperation activities

better for closed skill

no real attention paid

Structural- resulst when two physicor or nuerological structures are the source of the decremtn

Capcity decremtn in performance is dut eo som limitation in the central capacity

Difficulty doing multiple taks because of limitation due to avaibility of resources to needed 

·         Kahenmans

Central

Flexible attention capacity limits

Amount of attention is based on person arousal level

Critical factor for determining whether sufficient attention resources available – givencapacity limits set by arousal level

·         Primary task vs. secondary

Task of interest

The marshalling of attention resources to direct them to specific aspects of our performance or performance environment

Width of focus

Focus can be broad or narrow

Direction of focus

Focus can be external or internal

Internal-ones movements

External- effect of ones movements

n  The changing of attention focus characteristics in a situation that allows successful performance

Good if quarterback having to make decisions, bad if it is something serial

Intentions is more important to focus on then your movement. Ex watch the ball to catch don’t worry about your hand placement

Proposed benefit of external focus during performance

Focus attention on “intended outcome” of movements rather than on movements themselves

Low arousal bad performance

Medium arousal good performance

High arousal bad performance

an optimal level of arousal is one that produces an attentional focus narrow enough to exclude irrelevant cues and wide enough to gather the most important cues.

Storage process

Retrieval process

Component specific functions

Focuses on right now, uses long term to understand

20-30 secs

7 items

Can increase by organizing

¼ secs

76 percent of data recievied

Sperling test

Reherasal

Chunking

Mnemonics

Rhymes

Acronyms

Songs

Good for what kind of test?

Enumeration

Algorithms

Procedural: relates specifically to storing information about motor skills

Semantic: stores general knowledge about the world based upon experiences (may include info from reading, talking etc.)

Episodic: knowledge about personally experienced events

Encoding: transformation of information to be remembered into a storage form

Storage: process of placing information in long-term memory

Rehearsal: enables the person to transfer information from working to long-term memory

Retrieval: searching through long-term memory for information

recall-fill in blank

recognition

implicit memory-verbally describe how to do something

more test resmbles the practice the better perfomrance

closed skill

n  Visual metaphoric imagery e.g. sidestroke

n  Verbal label e.g. clock face

The intention to remember

n  Intentional & incidental memory

timer required for motr skills

motor control- quick whats happeningg now

motor development- over a long time

motor learning-middle effects in performance cause practice

quick defined begineng and end

sequence discrete 

playing piano on time

n  Motor skills require voluntary body, head, and/or limb movement to achieve its goal. Learned

whether opened or closed

gross or discrete

gross or fine

n  Movement Time (MT)

the distance from the miss from the target

Accuracy

gives a direction of misses

shows one biases

ignores how far you missed the target and focuses on closeness of your shot

consistency

eeg focuses on brain activity

mri takes picture of brain blood and oxygen intake

*patterns emerge through generic processes of self-organization found in physical and biological systems e.g. Hurricane

*No central program command:    self-organization