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| The General in charge of the British troops (red coats). |
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| He devised a plan to combine his troops with General Howe's and isolate New England from the other American States. However, he didn't coordinate this with Howe, who was launching his own plan |
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| Place where Burgoyne surrender to the American forces. This place marked the turning point of the war. It also improved American morale. |
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| The American General that Burgoyne surrendered to at Saratoga. |
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| Americans spend the winter here. It's really cold and Washington's mens are weary & tired down. Many of the soldiers were sick, cold, hungry but by the Spring they are better. The French & the Germans are going to arrive to help |
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| He took 175 Patriots down the Ohio River and captured several towns. |
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| American commander of the Bonhomme Richard. While sailing near Britain, he encountered a group of British merchant ships proteeccted by two war ships. He boarded the British ship & after three hours of battle, the British finally surrendered |
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| He was the new general after Clinton returned to New York. |
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| New commander of the American forces in the region. He organized the militias into small units to carry out hit-and-run raids against British camps and supply wagons. |
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| He was known as the "Swamp Fox." Fights the British and them goes into the swamps and the British cant follow him into the swamps. |
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| He was an American commander but had later sold military information to the British. When his treason was discovered, he fled to British-controlled New York City, where he was put in charge of British troops and ordered south. |
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| a form of gobernment where power resides with a body of citizens entitled to vote. |
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| A.K.A Mary Ludwig Hays. She carrieed water to Patiot gunners during the Battle of Monmouth. |
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| An American artist who stirred nationalist pride with his depictions of battles and other events in the Revolution. |
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| Painted inspiring portraits of Washington and other Patriot leaders. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| A plan for a loose union of the states under the authority of the Congress |
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| set up a scheme for dividing the land into square townships, which were then subdivided into smaller sections and sold at auction. |
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| Northwest ordinance of 1787 |
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| provided the basis for governing western lands and developing them into states. |
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| a delegate from New York, who recommended that Congress itself call for another convention to be held in Philadelphia in May 1787 |
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| A member of the Virginia Assembly. He was one of the most influential nationalists. He convinced Virginia's assembly to call a convention of all the states to discuss trade and taxation problems. |
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| The 55 men that wwere gathered at the convention in Pennsylvania & made the basis of our government |
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| Representative from Connecticut, who proposed the Great Compromise. |
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| Great Compromise (Connecticut's Compromise) |
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| It proposed that one house of Congress, the House of Representatives, the states would be represented according to the size of their populations, with one House member for every 40,000 people. In the other house, the Senate, each state would have equal representation. |
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| It stated that every five enslaved people in a state would count as three free persons for determining both representation and taxes |
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| Power is divided between federal, or national, government and the state government. |
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| government principle where power is divided among different branches |
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| a means for each branch to monitor and limit the power of the other two |
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| Supporters of the constitution |
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| those opposed of the constitution. They accepted the need for a national government. The real issue was whether the national or state government would be supreme |
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| What were the advantages and disadvantages of the British at the beginning of the Revolution? |
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Advantages: well trained/professional troops, lead by experience officers, finest equipment, fully outfitted, serviced by the best navy in the world & numbers were inflated by the mercenaries.
Disadvantages: fights very far from home, supply lines are long, not accustomed to fighting in the wilderness, they were also fighting the French & Indians in Europe, didn't want to kill British citizens, & they used single shot muskets |
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| What were the advantages and disadvantages of the Patriots at the beginning of the Revolution? |
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Advantages: They were able to elect their own officers & they had a high moral because they were fighting for their lively hood.
Disadvantages: They were smaller than the British army, not very organized, not disciplined, had to provide their own weapons & uniforms, had to learn how to get food, people enlisted for short periods of time & they had poor medical services. |
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| A collection of 85 essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, & John Jay. They were written to sway the vote in New York. |
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| Describe Washington's movement into New Jersey on Christmas, 1776? |
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| On Christmas night, he and some 2,400 men crossed the icy Delaware River from Pennsylvania to New Jersey. They marched about 9 miles and, during a sleet storm, defeated a group of Hessian mercenaries at Trenton. Several days later, they overcam three British regiments at Princeton. |
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| What was General Howe's strategy to win the war? |
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A quick victory depended on convincing Americans that Britsh military superiority made their cause hopeless, and that they could safely surrender without being hanged for treason.
He placed many troops in NYC to intimidate the Americans and to capture NYC. He also invited delegates from the Continental Congress to a peace conference, promising that those who surrendered and swore loyalty to the kind would be pardoned. |
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| How did the Battle of Saratoga influence the outcome of the war? |
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| The Americans won this Battle & it not only dramatically improbed American morale but also convinced the French to commit troops to the American cause. |
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| How were the Patriots able to inflict damage to the British at sea? |
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| Congress issued licenses to about 2,000 privateers who attacked British merchant ships. By the end of the war, millions of dollars' worth of cargo had been seized from their merchant ships, seriously harming their trade and economy. |
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| How was the war won at Yorktown? |
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| The American forces blocked Cornwallis from being able to escape by sea and from getting his supplies. Therefore he was then forced to surrender. |
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| What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris, 1783? |
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| If the colonials left the French out the British would be nicer and lenient. Therefore the colonials left them out. |
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| What freedoms did Virginis'a constitution guarantee in its bill of rights? |
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| Government can raise its own money through taxes and make laws, voters could elect members of the first house, and the number of representatives would reflect population. |
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| What role did women and blacks have in the revolution? |
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Women contributed on the home front and the battlefront. With their husbands, brothers, and sons at war, some women took obber running the family farm. Others traveled with the army-cooking, washing, and nursing the wounded. Some even served as spies, couriers and even joined in the fighting.
Some blacks joined the Continental Army |
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| What happened to the loyalist after the war? |
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| Majority of the loyalist fled the United States after the war. Some went to England or the British West Indies, but most moved to Canada. |
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| What powers are given to the national government under the Articles of Confederation? |
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| They had the right to declare war, raise armies, negotiate with other nations, and sign treaties. It could not however, regulate trade, nor could it impose taxes. |
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| What problems did the young nation face regarding trading partners? |
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| British flooded the U.S with low-cost goods, putting thousands of Americans out of work. |
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| Describe the diplomatic problems faced by the young nation. |
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| Congress's inability to enforce all the terms of the Treaty of Paris. Since some debs weren't paid to the British, they retaliated by refusing to leave some American frontier posts. They had trouble settling a dispute with Spain over the boundary between Spanish territory and the state of Georgia & the spanish stopped Americans from depositing their goods in Spanish territory at the mouth of the Mississippi River. |
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| What problems regarding debt raged in the early United States? |
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| They had a severe recession, or economic slowdown. Inflation, the decline of the value of money began when paper money couldn't be backed by gold and silver. |
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| Summarize the conditions that led to Shay's Rebellion. |
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| Massachussett's government raised taxes to pay off its debt instead of issuing paper money. This fell mainly on the western farmers, who were faced with losing their farms. Inraged farmers started to mob county courthouses to prevent foreclosures. |
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| In what ways was the Confederation Congress ineffective? |
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| They could not raise taxes, enforce treaties, regulate commerce and could not enforce laws |
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| What were the provisions of the Virginia plan? |
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| The government would have the power to raise its own money through taxes and to make laws binding upon the states. It also proposed that Congress be divided into two houses. |
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| What were the provisions of the New Jersey Plan? |
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| Congress would still have a single house where each state was equally represented, but it would also have the power to raise taxes and regulate trade. |
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| Why did the small states oppose the Virginia Plan? |
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| They feared that the larger states would outvote them |
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| What were the compromises made to develop the Constitution? |
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| The Great Compromise & The Three-Fifths Compromise |
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| What wasa the process for amending the Constitution? |
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| It required two steps: proposal & ratification. An amendment could be proposed by a vote of two-thirds of the members of both houses of Congress. Two-thirds of the state could call a constitutional convention to propose new amendments. To become effective, the proposed amendment would then have to be ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures or by conventions in three-fourths of the state. |
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| Describe the ratification process. |
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| Ratified by 3/4s of the state legislatures or by conventions in 3/4s of the states |
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| Why was it important for Virginia and Massachusetts to ratify the document? |
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| They both had enough people to keep the document from being approved. |
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