Term
| Why is movement important? |
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Definition
| movement is an essential function of all living organisms. |
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Term
| How have muscle cells been modified to provide movement? |
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Definition
| highly developed contracting filaments |
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Term
| The human body is about_________% muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the four characteristics of muscle tissue. |
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Definition
Excitability; responds to stimuli
Contractility; shortens
Extensibility; it can be stretched
Elasticity; it returns to its original shape |
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Term
| List the three types of muscle. Know traits of each. |
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Definition
- Skeletal muscle
Striated or voluntary
to get a contraction, skeletal muscle muscle must be stimuli by a somatic motor neuron
know more about cuz larger in size
-Cardiac muscle
1% body weight
striated, involuntary, and autorhythmis
ANS regulates rate and force
-Smooth muscle
3-5% of body weight
no straitions
involuntary
some are autorhythmic
some depend on the ANS for stimuli |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
Muscle organ |
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Definition
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
Fasicle |
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Definition
| bundle, each is composed of muscle cells or myofibers |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
myofibers |
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Definition
muscle cells, myo= muscle, fiber= thread |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
myofibrils |
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Definition
| muscle cells composed of myofiberils (little strand) composed of sarcomeres |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
Sarcomeres |
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Definition
| composed of thick filament which is a protein called myosin |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
thick filament |
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Definition
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
thin filament |
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Definition
| Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
Actin |
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Definition
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
Troponin |
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Definition
Composed of three globular proteins
One has high affinity for Ca++
One has high affinity for Tropomyosin
One has high affinity for Actin |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
Tropomyosin |
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Definition
| Covers the Active Sites on actin |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
Myosin |
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Definition
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
Active Sites |
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Definition
| Place for Cross Bridge to bind |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
Cross-bridge |
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Definition
| Bind with the active sites |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
Sarcolemma |
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Definition
| muscle cell plasma membrane has electrically gated fast Na+ ch and K+ ch |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
Sarcoplamic reticular system |
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Definition
| high in Ca++, there are many Ca++ pumps in the walls of the SRS Ca++ stored in the SRS |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
transverse tubules (T-tubles) |
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Definition
| invagination of the sarcolemma, lie over the z lines, touch the SRS, inside the T-Tubles is extracellular, APs on the sarcolemma will travel down the T-tubles and cause the SRS to release Ca++ |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
A Band |
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Definition
| Anisotropic, not turn equally |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
I Band |
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Definition
| Isotropic, to turn equally |
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Term
Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:
Z line |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does only a small amount of ACh reach the ACh-R? |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle cramps occur when? Why? |
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Definition
Muscle cramps are likely to occur when one is fatigued- low ATP so..
Cant break CB-AS bond
Cant pump out Ca++ |
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Term
| List sources of energy for muscles to contract/relax. Know amount (in time). Know how we replace ATP. What is CP? |
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Definition
Creatine Phosphate (CP) - 5 sec
CP + ADP = ATP + C
Glycogen- muscles contain about 2hrs of stored glycogen. When glycogen levels drop we turn to fat energy- enough to supply ATPS for about 30 days. Epinephrine also activates glycogen phosphorylase, which increase ATP.
1. Glucose
2. Glycogen
3. Fats
4. Protein
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Term
| What is a motor unit? How many cells/unit? Why does number of cells per unit vary? |
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Definition
The muscle cells that are connected to one somatic motor neuron are called a motor unit.
The number of cells in a motor unit varies.
500 cells = coarse control
2 cells = fine motor control |
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Term
| How can one hold tension on muscles, like holding your head up, for a long time with our muscles becoming fatigued? |
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Definition
| we can hold constant tension without fatigue by alternating motor units. |
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Term
Define or explain:
Threshold |
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Definition
| minimal stimuli needed to give a measurable response |
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Term
Define or Explain:
Subthreshold |
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Definition
| all stimuli below threshold |
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Term
Define or Explain:
Maximal |
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Definition
| minimal stimuli to give maximal response |
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Term
Define or Explain:
Submaximal |
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Definition
| Stimuli between threshold and maximal |
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Term
Define or Explain:
Supramaximal |
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Definition
| all stimuli which are greater than maximal |
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Term
Define or Explain:
All-or-none |
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Definition
| when a muscle cell contracts, it contracts to its fullest extent |
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Term
Define or Explain:
Twitch |
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Definition
| a contraction that is due to a single stimulus |
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Term
Define or Explain:
Latency |
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Definition
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Term
Define or Explain:
Refractory |
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Definition
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Term
Define or Explain:
Incomplete tetany |
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Definition
| if several stimuli applied rapidly |
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Term
Define or Explain:
Complete tetany |
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Definition
| if the stimuli are appiled before relaxation occurs |
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Term
Define or Explain:
iso; toinc; metric |
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Definition
| equal, tension, to measure |
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Term
| Dicuss force produced by a muscle as it relates to length of the muscle |
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Definition
isotonic = equal tension, therefore tension remains the same but length changes
isometre = equal measure, equal length- thus length does not change but tension changes. |
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Term
| What is series elastic component? How does it affect loaded and after loaded muscle work? |
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Definition
term given to the elasticity found in the crossbridges, myofilaments, sacrolemma, and tissues connecting muscle cells to bones.
The elasticity must be removed as the muscle begins to contract before a load can be lifted.
-Loaded muscle
The elastic component is removed before contraction begins. Therefore, the loaded muscles can do more work.
-After loaded muscle
There is no load on the muscle until it begins to contract. Therefore the 1st part of the contraction is used to remove the elastic component. Therefore, there is less distance of sacromere available to lift the load. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle tone is maintained by different motor untis contracting and relaxing |
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Term
| What monitors muscle tone? |
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Definition
| monitored by spindle fibers within the muscle |
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Term
| Define treppe. When does treppe occur? What causes treppe? |
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Definition
treppe = staircase
have complete relaxtion
due to an increased Ca++ inside the muscle cells |
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Term
| Define: isotonic and isometric. |
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Definition
isotonic = equal tension, therefore tension remains the same but length changes
isometre = equal measure, equal length- thus length does not change but tension changes. |
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Term
| Explain isotonic and isometric muscle contractions. Which is preferred for exercises to increase muscle strength? |
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Definition
Tension changes as one pulls harder in an effort to move an object that is too big to move.
Isotonic is better for physical activity because it gives full range of muscles used and also increases coordination of muscles |
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Term
| What is series elastic component? What is the source of this elasticity. |
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Definition
term given to the elasticity found in the crossbridges, myofilaments, sacrolemma, and tissues connecting muscle cells to bones.
some elasticity in muscle tissue and some in connective tissue |
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Term
| Compare loaded and after load muscles as to theri efficiencies. Why the differences? |
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Definition
-Loaded muscle
The elastic component is removed before contraction begins. Therefore, the loaded muscles can do more work.
-After loaded muscle
There is no load on the muscle until it begins to contract. Therefore the 1st part of the contraction is used to remove the elastic component. Therefore, there is less distance of sacromere available to lift the load. |
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Term
| What are spindle fibers? Where are they found? What is their Function? Explain mechanism of the function? |
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Definition
specialized muslce cells to detect change in length.
They are distributed throughout each skeletal muscle.
They are sensitive to changes in length
when stretched, the spindle fibers send APs to the spinal cord and to the brain to assist in coordinating body movements. |
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