Term
An entire skeletal muscle is covered by a coarse sheath called:
Endomysium
Periomysium
Epimysium
Aponeurosis |
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Definition
Epimysium (most superficial)
Wrong answers - endomysium is the deepest, with perimysium in the middle; aponeurosis is a sheet of connective tissue |
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Term
Muscles that are arranged like the feathers in a plume are described as:
Parallel
Convergent
Sphincter
Pennate |
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Definition
Pennate (think feather pen)
Wrong answers - parallel is what it sounds like, convergent have fibers going from wide to narrow, sphincter is not a type of muscle |
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Term
An aponeurosis is:
Broad and flat
Tube-shaped
Featherlike
None of the above |
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Definition
Broad and flat (it's basically a sheet of connective tissue)
Wrong answers - tube-shaped would describe a tendon, featherlike would describe fascia (though not exactly) |
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Term
Antagonists are muscles that:
Oppose prime movers
Facilitate prime movers
Stabilize muscles
Directly perform movements |
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Definition
Oppose prime movers (think enemies)
Wrong answers - synergists facilitate prime movers, fixators stabilize muscles, and prime movers (agonists) perform movements directly |
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Term
A fixed point about which a rod moves is called a:
Lever
Bone
Belly
Fulcrum |
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Definition
| Fulcrum (part of a lever) |
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Term
In first-class levers the:
Fulcrum is between the load and force
Load is between the fulcrum and force
Force is between the fulcrum and load
Load and force are equal |
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Definition
Fulcrum is between the load and force
Wrong answers - second class levers have the load between the fulcrum and force, third class levers have the force between the fulcrum and load; whether load and force are equal has nothing to do with the class of lever |
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Term
| The origin of a muscle is the point of attachment that moves when the muscle contracts - T/F |
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Definition
| False - that's the insertion |
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Term
| Skeletal muscles usually act in groups rather than individually - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Prime mover and agonist are synonymous - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The optimum angle of pull of a muscle is generally parallel to the long axis of the bone - T/F |
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Definition
| False - the optimum angle is often a right angle to the long axis of the bone |
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Term
| Tipping the head back, as in looking at the sky, is an example of a first class lever - T/F |
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Definition
| True (fulcrum in the middle) |
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Term
| Deltoid is named based on... |
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Definition
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Term
| Brachialis is named based on... |
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Definition
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Term
| Sternocleidomastoid is named based on... |
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Definition
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Term
| Quadriceps is named based on... |
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Definition
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Term
| Gluteus maximus is named based on... |
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Definition
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Term
| Adductor is named based on... |
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Definition
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Term
| Rectus is named based on... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The corrugator supercilli... |
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Definition
| Wrinkling the forehead vertically |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Grate the teeth during mastication |
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Term
| The sternocleidomastoid... |
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Definition
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Term
| The external oblique compresses the abdomen - T/F |
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Definition
| True (as does the internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis) |
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Term
| The rectus abdominis flexes the trunk - T/F |
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Definition
| True (also compresses abdomen and rotates trunk) |
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Term
| The levator ani closes the anal canal - T/F |
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Definition
| False - the sphincter ani externus does this |
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Term
| The external intercostals function to elevate the ribs - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The coccygeus muscles and levator ani form most of the pelvic floor - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
All of the following are rotator cuff muscles except:
Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Supraspinatus
Teres minor |
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Definition
Deltoid (shoulder muscle that abducts arm)
Wrong answers - infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres minor |
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Term
The muscle that shrugs the shoulders is the:
Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid
Trapezius
Pectoralis minor |
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Definition
Trapezius
Wrong answers - sternocleidomastoid (flexes/rotates head), deltoid (abducts arm), pectoralis major (adducts/flexes upper arm) |
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Term
The posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is the:
Triceps brachii
Triceps surae
Brachialis
Biceps brachii |
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Definition
Triceps brachii
Wrong answers - brachialis (extends forearm), triceps surae (leg muscle - actually the gastrocnemius and soleus), biceps brachii (flexes/supinates forearm) |
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Term
The olecranon process of the ulna is a site of insertion for the:
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Triceps brachii |
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Definition
Triceps brachii
Wrong answers - biceps brachii (insertion at radius), brachialis (insertion at coronoid process of ulna), brachioradialis (insertion at radius) |
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Term
| Intrinsic muscles of the hand originate on the forearm and insert on the metacarpals - T/F |
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Definition
| False - they fact that they are intrinsic means that these muscles originate and insert within the hand |
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Term
| Carpal tunnel syndrome affects the median nerve - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The deltoid is a good example of a multifunction muscle - T/F |
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Definition
| True - its main function is to abduct the upper arm but it also assists in the flexion and extension of the upper arm |
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Term
| The pectoralis major flexes the upper arm - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The biceps brachii is an extensor muscle - T/F |
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Definition
| False - the biceps brachii is a flexor |
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Term
The muscles of the quadriceps femoris include all of the following except:
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus femoris |
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Definition
Vastus femoris (which isn't a real muscle)
Wrong answers - vastus intermedius, lateralis, and medialis |
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Term
A common site for intramuscular injections is the:
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae |
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Definition
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Term
Plantar flexion is achieved by the:
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Peroneus brevis
Soleus |
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Definition
Soleus (and gastrocnemius)
Wrong answers - tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion and inversion), tibialis posterior (plantar flexion AND inversion), peroneus brevis (eversion and dorsiflexion) |
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Term
The muscles of the hamstrings include all of the following except the:
Iliopsoas
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris |
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Definition
Iliopsoas (entirely different group of muscles)
Wrong answers - semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris |
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Term
| The Achilles tendon is common to both the gastrocnemius and soleus - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The iliopsoas is composed solely of the psoas major and the iliacus - T/F |
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Definition
| False - also includes the psoas minor |
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Term
| The vastus intermedius originates on the posterior surface of the femur - T/F |
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Definition
| False - originates on the anterior surface |
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Term
| Muscle attachment that does not move |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Rigid bar free to turn about its fulcrum |
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Definition
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Term
| Contracts at the same times as the prime mover |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle attachment that moves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Maintaining optimal body position |
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Definition
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Term
Patient Mr. Lynch
Spends hours on computer daily
Symptoms - weakness, pain, tingling in palm and radial aspect of hand
What condition could this be?
Which anatomical structures are most likely involved?
Which options for treatment are available? |
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Definition
Condition - Carpal tunnel syndrome
Anatomical structures - swollen tendon presses on median nerve; affects wrist, hand, fingers, with pain possibly radiating into forearm/shoulder
Treatment - anti-inflammatory injections, surgery to remove swollen tissue |
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Term
| Body area appropriate for a 2 mL injection? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The tibialis anterior is a... |
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Definition
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Term
| The gastrocnemius is a... |
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Definition
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Term
| The biceps brachii is a... |
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Definition
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Term
| The gluteus medius is a... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| The pectoralis major is a... |
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Definition
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Term
| The gluteus maximus is a... |
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Definition
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Term
| The triceps brachii is a... |
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Definition
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Term
| The sternocleidomastoid is a... |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
Which of the following is not a general function of muscle tissue?
Movement
Protection
Heat production
Posture |
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Definition
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Term
The skeletal muscle fiber characteristic of excitability directly results in these cells being capable of:
Responding to nerve signals
Shortening
Returning to resting length
Producing heat |
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Definition
Responding to nerve signals
Wrong answers - Shortening and returning to resting length are both results of muscle structure and the interaction of myofilaments; muscles produce heat due to the chemical reactions within them |
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Term
The correct order of arrangement of skeletal muscle cells, from largest to smallest, is:
Fiber, myofibril, myofilament
Myofibril, myofilament, fiber
Myofilament, myofibril, fiber
Fiber, myofilament, myofibril |
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Definition
| Fiber, myofibril, myofilament |
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Term
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is:
A system of transverse tubules that extend at a right angle to the long axis of the cell
A segment of the myofibril between two successive Z lines
A unique name for the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
None of the above |
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Definition
None of the above
Wrong answers - the system of transverse tubules are T tubules, a segment of myofibril between Z lines is a sarcomere, and a muscle fiber's plasma membrane is the sarcolemma |
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Term
Which of the following are myofilament proteins?
Troponin
Tropomyosin
A and B
None of the above |
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Definition
| A and B (both troponin and tropomyosin are part of thin filaments) |
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Term
The contractile unit of a myofibril is the:
Sarcomere
Triad
Sarcolemma
Cross bridge |
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Definition
Sarcomere
Wrong answers - the triad is the arrangement of SR and T tubules, the sarcolemma is the plasma membrane, and a cross bridge is the connection between the myosin head and an actin receptor |
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Term
The chief function of the T tubule is to:
Provide nutrients to the muscle fiber
Allow the fiber to contract
Allow the electrical signal to move deep into the cell
Allow the generation of new muscle fibers |
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Definition
Allow the electrical signal to move deep into the cell
Wrong answers - blood vessels provide nutrients, myofilaments allow the fiber to contract, and stem cells allow for the generation of new muscle fibers |
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Term
Myosin heads are also called:
Cross bridges
Motor endplates
Synapses
Motor neurons |
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Definition
Cross bridges
Wrong answers - Motor endplates are the points on a muscle fiber where acetylcholine is received, synapses are the points on the motor neurons that transmit to the effector, motor neurons are the nerves communicating with muscle fibers |
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Term
During muscle contraction, Ca2+ is released from:
Synaptic cleft
Mitochondria
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasm |
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Definition
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Wrong answers - the synaptic cleft releases neurotransmitters, mitochondria release ATP, and the sarcoplasm doesn't release anything |
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Term
The region of a muscle fiber where a motor neuron connects ot the muscle fiber is called the:
Synaptic vesicle
Motor end-plate
H band
None of the above |
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Definition
Motor end-plate
Wrong answers - a synaptic vesicle carries a neurotransmitter across the synapse to a receptor and an H band is part of a sarcomere |
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Term
| The thick myofilament is myosin, whereas actin is the thin myofilament - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Skeletal muscle has a poor ability to stretch - T/F |
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Definition
| False - skeletal muscle has lots of elastic fibers |
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Term
| A T tubule sandwiched between sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum is called a codon - T/F |
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Definition
| False - this is called a triad |
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Term
| Actin, tropinin, and tropomyosin are present on the thin myofilament - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The I band resides within a single sarcomere - T/F |
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Definition
| True (though it may appear otherwise) |
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Term
| Rigor mortis is caused by a lack of ATP to "turn off" muscle contraction - T/F |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum - T/F |
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Definition
| False - actually called the sarcolemma |
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Term
| Anaerobic respiration is the first choice of the muscle cell for the production of ATP - T/F |
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Definition
| False - aerobic respiration is the first choice |
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Term
| Oxygen molecules in the sarcoplasm are bound to the myoglobin molecule - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The all-or-none principle states that muscle fibers will contract with all possible force when stimulated to threshold, or they will not contract at all - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
The principal component(s) of a motor unit is/are:
One somatic motor neuron
The muscle fibers supplied by a somatic motor neuron
None of the above
A and B |
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Definition
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Term
The staircase phenomenon is also know as:
Tetanus
Electromyography
Wave summation
Treppe |
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Definition
Treppe
Wrong answers - tetanus refers to muscle contraction resulting from the maximum stimulation, electromyography is a produce by which a muscle is stimulated with electricity to test contraction, wave summation refers to the fact that as the frequency of stimulation is increased, the strength of contraction also increases |
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Term
Skeletal muscles are innervated by:
Somatic motor neurons
Autonomic motor neurons
A and B
Internal stimulation |
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Definition
Somatic motor neurons
Wrong answers - autonomic neurons influence involuntary motions in internal organs and internal stimulation is responsible for the contraction of cardiac and single-unit smooth muscle |
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Term
Which of the following statements concerning isometric contractions is true?
The length of the muscle changes
Muscle tension decreases
Join movements are swift
Muscle length remains constant |
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Definition
| Muscle length remains constant |
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Term
Physiological muscle fatigue is caused by:
Relative lack of ATP
Oxygen debt
Lack of will
None of the above |
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Definition
Relative lack of ATP
Wrong answers - oxygen debt causes lack of ATP, lack of will causes psychological muscle fatigue |
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Term
Increase in muscle size is called:
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Treppe |
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Definition
Hypertrophy
Wrong answers - hyperplasia refers to the proliferation of any cells, atrophy refers to the degeneration of muscle, and treppe is the staircase phenomenon in muscle contraction |
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Term
| Endurance training is also called: |
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Definition
Aerobic training
Wrong answers - isometrics are are strength exercises in which muscle length does not change, hypertrophy is muscle building, anaerobic training is non-endurance training |
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Term
| A muscle contracts the instant it is stimulated - T/F |
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Definition
| False - it contracts only after the impulse has reached the SR and Ca2+ has been released |
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Term
| Isotonic contraction is a contraction in which the tone or tension within a muscle remains the same, but the length of the muscle changes - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The longer a muscle is stretched prior to contraction, the more tension it will be able to generate - T/F |
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Definition
| True (partially) - if it's stretched too far, it won't be able to contract effectively |
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Term
| Muscles with more tone than normal are described as flaccid - T/F |
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Definition
| False - these muscles are spastic |
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Term
| What type of muscle is located in the walls of the digestive tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle contains many nuclei near the sarcolemma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle is voluntary? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle isn't striated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle is striated an has a single nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle has a principal function of peristalsis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle has larger T tubules that form diads with SR? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle has principle functions of movement of bones, heat production, and posture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle contains intercalated disks? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle has a poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle strains are characterized by... |
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Definition
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Term
| Crush injuries can cause ____ to accumulate in the blood and result in kidney failure |
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Definition
| Myoglobin (stores O2 in muscles) |
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Term
| A viral infection of the nerves that control skeletal muscle movement is known as... |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is a group of genetic diseases characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscle tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Smooth, sustained muscle contraction |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Transverse structure unique to muscle cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Motor neuron plus the muscle fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Junction between nerve endings and muscle fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma membrane of striated muscle fiber |
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Definition
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Term
| Principle that states a muscle fiber will contract fully or not at all |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Fine subunit of muscle fiber |
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Definition
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Term
| Linda is successful at distance running but not sprinting. How does this relate to muscle fiber types? |
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Definition
| Linda most likely has more slow muscle fibers (well adapted to endurance) than fast muscle fibers (well adapted for speed). |
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Term
| What physiological phenomenon is responsible for the stiffness of dead bodies? Why do muscles display this stiffness? |
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Definition
Rigor mortis
Caused by a deficit of ATP - myosin heads cannot disconnect from actin |
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Term
When a muscle does not shorten and no movement results, the contraction is:
Isometric
Isotonic
Twitch
Tentanic |
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Definition
Isometric
Wrong answers - isotonic would imply no change in tension, twitch would imply a quick spasm, and tetanic would imply a smooth, extended contraction |
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Term
What happens if a given muscle cell is stimulated by a threshold stimulus?
It shows an "all-or-none" response
It shows a tetanus response
It shows a subminimal response
All of the above |
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Definition
| It shows an "all-or-none" response |
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Term
| If muscle cells are stimulated repeatedly without adequate periods of rest, the strength of the muscle contraction will decrease, resulting in fatigue - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Weakness of abdominal muscles can lead to a hernia - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| There are two types of smooth muscle: visceral and multiunit - T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The length/tension relationship states that the maximal strength a muscle can develop is related to the length of its fibers - T/F |
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Definition
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