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| 4 Ways we talk about Myths |
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1. Myth as a metaphor
2. Myth as a transmission of values
3. Myth as a universal story
4. Myth as an explanation of origins. |
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| 4 types of creation stories |
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“Ex Nihilo” (out of nothing): Egyptian Ptah, Polynesian Io, Earthmaker of the Winnebago Indians)
Earth Diver: a god sends a duck, turtle, muskrat, etc. to dive to the bottom of the primordial sea and bring up a clump of earth, from which the world is formed (Asia, North America)
Division of primordial unity: separation of heaven and earth (personified gods) or four elements or a cosmic egg
Dismembering giant or monster (Norse Ymir, Vedic Purusha, Chinese Pan-Ku, Babylonian Tiamat) |
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| (6th century BC)Greek Monotheist who challenged the mythical idea of the gods |
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| Deity described in human form. Example: (God's face, hands, arm, breath) |
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- the Greek myths were not examples of behavior we should follow
-we made the gods in our image
-Monotheist |
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| Roman - Venus - Goddess of love (mirror) Married to Hephaistos. Lover of Ares |
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| R - Jupiter God of the sky (thunderbolt) Bull - becomes an animal |
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| same G/R, Later god of the sun, music, and medicine. Son of Zeus by another woman. |
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| Neptune - lord of the sea. Brother of Zeus - has Triton |
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| Saturn - castrates his father and becomes ruler He mates with Rhea but swallows all his children except Zeus |
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| Mercury - ANOTHER Son of Zeus by another woman. Messenger god - Guide to the dead |
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| Juno - Goddess of marriage - Wife and sister to Zeus - peacock |
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| Vulcan - God of fire and artisans. Aphrodite husband - volcano from his name. Thrown off Mt Olympus - hurt leg. |
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| Pluto - lord of the underworld, ruling over the dead 3rd brother of Zues |
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| Mars - He is the god of war. Lover of Aphrodite |
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| Artemis - Twin sister of Apollo, daughter of Zeus by another woman - Greek |
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| Diana -Goddess of the Hunt, the Moon, one of 2 Virgin gods |
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| Minerva - 2nd of virgin (parthenos) goddesses. Goddess of wisdom. Also a daughter of Zues by through head. |
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| Ceres - God of the Harvest. mother of persephone (with Zues also her brother)whom Hades steals |
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| Bacchus - god of wine, literal madness, and theater. Very popular |
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| Sky Goddess (gives birth to sun - swallows at night.) |
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| Four children of Geb and Nut - - Egypt |
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| Osiris, Set, Isis, Nephthys |
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| Lord first - looks human like the Pharaoh, then becomes Lord of the dead, crooked staff, double sided crown of upped and lower Egypt. |
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Chops up Osiris from jealousy, hold Unk O-{--
symbol of life. |
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| Wife/sister of Osiris - with Anubis (dog face dude's) help she embalms Osiris - brings back by unk. |
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| Son of Osiris and Isis - becomes Pharaoh and fights Set for rule - Horus wins. Hawk head. |
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| God of Embalming - dog head |
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Creator god of Memphis - replaces Atum but created everything by his word.
The word Egypt comes from the name for Memphis, Hikuptah, meaning “home of the soul of Ptah” |
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Pharaoh who worships the Sun disk Aten
(father of Tut who worshiped moon)tried to convert Egypt to Monotheism. |
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| Cow goddess of motherhood and fertility (probably the golden calf) |
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| Anubis weighs the heart of the dead against Ma’at, goddess of justice, before Osiris. If the heart weighs more than a feather (representing Ma’at) it is too heavy with evil to enter the afterlife. Ammit (crocodile) devours it leading to oblivion. Thoth records the outcome. |
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Storm god
Name means “lord, master”
Yahweh is called baal, translated as “husband” in Jer 3:14
Baal is called “the rider of the clouds," the same phrase applied to Yahweh (Deut 33:26; Ps 68:4; Isa 19:1).
His voice is thunder (Ps 29:3; 68:33). |
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| A relief depicting the Goddess Hathor as a cow - Egypt |
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| Cat headed goddess - From Egypt Late Period or Ptolemaic Period, about 664-30 BC " she that puts on ointment" |
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modern Tell Muqayyar), ca. 2,100 B.C.E., mud brick, monumental, Iraq.
Platform for temple built upon a mound. Shrine would go on top, would be a house for the Gods where they lived inside their statues. Cosmic access - only priests can go to the top. |
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New Kingdom, Dynasty 18, ca. 1340 BC
Limestone, gypsum, crystal and wax
Amarna
Height 50 cm
Found in a workshop, not meant to be displayed. Akhenaten's wife (monotheist) Mother King Tutt |
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| Sobek with Pharaoh Amenhotep III, Sobek Temple, Dakamsha, Egypt, c1380 BC. now at Oxford. |
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| Goddess of cats, protection, joy, dance, music, and love |
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| God of the Nile, the Army, military, and fertility |
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| rescues his siblings and conquers his father and the Titans with the aid of the Cyclopes and the Hundred-handers (from Ouranos and Gaia). |
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| Literary sources for our myths - 8 c. BC |
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| God of vengeance, sky, protection, and war |
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| Goddess of health, marriage, and love |
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| God of storms, the desert, and chaos |
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| God of the afterlife, death, life, and resurrection |
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fertility goddess
Queen of Heaven
(Jer 44:15-19)
also called
Ishtar,
Ashtoreth
(1 Kings 11)
Tammuz her lover
(Ezek 8:14) |
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| Sea salt chaos monster. mate of Apsu(fresh water) |
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The children of Tiamat and Apsu made so much noise that Apsu decided to destroy them, but they learned of the plot and killed him first.
In revenge Tiamat raised up an army of monsters. Terrified, the younger gods sought a champion to defend them |
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| son of Ea - Champion over the Chaos God Tiamat |
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Marduk
Also Bel-Marduk
"Declare and proclaim among the nations … Babylon has been captured, Bel has been put to shame, Marduk has been shattered.” |
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(Isaiah 27:1)
also Job 3:8, 41:1
Psalm 74:14, 104:26 |
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In similar imagery, Yahweh battles Leviathan, the chaos sea monster (sometimes a symbol for Assyria or Babylon):
In that day the Lord will punish Leviathan the fleeing serpent, with His fierce and great and mighty sword, even Leviathan the twisted serpent; And He will kill the dragon who lives in the sea. |
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| Tiamat (or any Chaos monster) |
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Sometimes the chaos monster is called Rahab (“storminess”):
“You rule the swelling of the sea; when its waves rise, you still them. You yourself crushed Rahab like one who is slain” (Ps 89:9-10)
“Awake, awake, put on strength, O arm of the Lord; Awake as in the days of old, the generations of long ago. Was it not You who cut Rahab in pieces, Who pierced the dragon?”
(Isa 51:9) |
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1st c. BC – 4th c. AD
Popular with army
started in Tarsus |
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early Christianity Rival
12/25 birthday
worshiped on Sunday and had baptism
mystery religion secret rites
Underground temple in St. Clemente Rome |
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| Women excluded - emperors would be worshipers |
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Common image killing bull - star cape. surrounded by scorpion, serpent, dog, raven, cup, sun, moon
torchbearers on the sides represent fall and spring equinoxes |
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| Zarathustra (Zoroaster in Greek) - Persia |
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| rejected this pantheon for the one true god Ahura Mazdah. |
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| Zarathustra (Zoroaster in Greek) - Persia |
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| After a series of visions, he compiled the Avesta (1500 – 500 BC?), the sacred text of Zoroastrianism, of which only part survives. |
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Lord Wisdom”
The one supreme god, uncreated and eternal, all-powerful, all-knowing, ever-present, source of light, wisdom, and all good things |
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| not the equal of Ahura Mazdah - Angra Mainyu) Spirit of darkness, the destroyer of good, personification and creator of evil, bringer of death and disease |
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| Ahura Mazda created and ruled the world through the Amesha Spenta, six Immortals, his first emanations, also called the Divine Sparks: |
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Purpose
Truth
Power
Devotion
Wholeness
Immortality |
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| Zoroastrianism shares some interesting similarities with Christianity: |
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lead people in the way of light
Human choice between good/evil
before world end 3 saviors every 1000yrs
resurrection and judgement - but all go to heaven |
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Same word for “God” in Hebrew
Not known as the creator – no known Canaanite creation myths. Oldest but not the ruler of other Gods. |
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Athirat
Asherah (in Hebrew) |
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El’s consort
Fertility goddess whose worship was associated with trees and poles
(Ex. 34:13, Deut. 16:21,
1 Kings 15:14, etc. ) |
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“Prince,” a name found in the NT as a synonym for Satan:
“But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, ‘It is only by Beelzebul, the prince of demons, that this man casts out demons.’” (Matt. 12:24; also 10:25, and parallels) |
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Yahweh called Baal "husband"
Baal "rider of clouds"
voice is thunder |
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| Baals sister/consort - rescues him from Mot who ate Baal - killing him with knife |
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| Yam - seven headed serpent - |
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| In the incomplete Baal cycle, Yam (or Yammu) the sea-god desires to be the supreme god and demands that El build him a palace. |
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After a great battle Baal Hadad defeats Yam.
Yam is the Hebrew word for “sea.” |
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| (“king”): offered child sacrifices in valley of Ben Hinnom, or Gehenna, the NT word for hell. Jewish king Manasseh sacrificed his son to Molech. |
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| Genesis uses the language and imagery of the surrounding cultures in the ancient world |
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| world to convey a story of creation beyond human comprehension, but in a way that challenges the major beliefs of the myths of the time |
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| dont eat Jesus flesh or drink bllod - parables not history |
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1 light
2 sea and sky
3 land |
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4 sun, moon, stars
5 birds and fish
6 animals and man |
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Janus
Mars
Maia (mother of Mercury)
Juno |
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NOrse influence on days of weeks
Sun
Moon
Tiu's
Woden's
Thor's
Freyja's
Saturn's |
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Norse Gods
Lord's Day
none
Mars
Mercury
Jove, Jupiter
Venus
Sabbath |
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| Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest of Greek epic poets. |
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