Term
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Definition
| king of Uruk, son of Ninsun and Lugulbanda, originally out of control and abused/oppressed his people before Enkidu came and balanced him out, |
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Term
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Definition
| the original name of Uruk, the Akkadians renamed Unug to Uruk |
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Definition
| one culture or civilization in Mesopotamia, a subculture of Akkadian is Babylonian (which is the origin of The Epic of Gilgamesh) |
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Definition
| region in which the epic is set, Gilgamesh = king of Uruk, used to be named Unug |
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Definition
| supposedly the name of the actual historical figure which the Epic was written about, Akkadians renamed Bilgames to Gilgamesh |
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Definition
| Gilgamesh’s mother, goddess, described as “wild cown Ninsun”, seeks help from Shamash (the sun god) when she hears about son’s quest to Humbaba, married to mortal King Lugulbanda |
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Term
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Definition
| Gilgamesh’s father, once the king of Uruk, mortal but when he died he was deified (which means when he died people believed that he became a god) |
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Definition
| Babylonian myth recounting the adventures/life of King of Uruk: Gilgamesh, we discuss the 12 tablet version, presents subjects of culture and immortality (presents question of whether culture is a good or bad thing) |
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Term
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Definition
-Mesopotamian creation goddess,
-(= Mami/Nintu/Aruru)
-forms Gilgamesh’s body, like clay
-Aruru creator god (=Belit-ili/mami/nintu) creates Enkidu |
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Term
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Definition
| equal of Gilgamesh, hero’s second self, created to balance and calm Gilgamesh, made by Aruru from a lump of clay in the wilderness(same goddess who created Gilgamesh), originally hairy and uncivilized until the prostitute Shamhat civilized him |
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Definition
-A hero's second self
-Best friend
-Usually dies
-example of what Enkidu is to Gilgamesh, recurring convention in stories of heroes |
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Definition
- "prostitute"
-important figure
-waits for Enkidu at the watering place in the wilderness and civilizes him, taken care of or cared for by Shamash (sun goddess) |
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Term
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Definition
| Babylonian goddess of fertility/love/war/sex, wants to have sex with Gilgamesh but he denies her, rejection angers her and she complains to her father (Anu) and has him send the Bull of Heaven down to destroy Uruk |
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Term
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Definition
| giant, protector of Pine Forest (placed there by the god Elil), apotropaic face = wards of evil (because he’s so ugly!), killed by Gilgamesh, Humbaba announces curse on them as he’s dying: “Neither one of them shall outlive his friend! Gilgamesh and Enkidu shall never become old men!” |
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Term
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Definition
| placed Humbaba in the forest, Gilgamesh kills the giant before Elil could find out and intervene, part of the assembly of gods |
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Term
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Definition
| sun goddess, part of the assembly of gods (Anu, Elil, Shamash), helps both Ninsun and Gilgamesh in the fight against Humbaba (sends 4 winds for Gilgamesh to use in battle), cares for the prostitute Shamhat |
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Term
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Definition
| sent down to Uruk by Ishtar (borrowed from her dad Anu), begins destroying the city (raises the dead and eats the living), Enkidu conquers bull: grabs bull by tail, swings it, kills it |
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Term
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Definition
| only immortal man, given immortality by the gods after he survived a massive flood, searched for by Gilgamesh cause Gilg. wants eternal life, tells Gilgamesh of a plant that provides youth and that will make him young again |
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Definition
| an alewife (beer seller), woman who Gilgamesh comes across on his journey to Utnapishtim, tells Gilgamesh to first find Urshanabi |
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Term
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Definition
| ferryman who Gilgamesh comes across on his journey to Utnapishtim, goes with Gilgamesh on his way home after talking to Utnapishtim (gets the youth plant with him) |
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Term
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Definition
| narrator touches on a number of topics until a significant topic is reached, then continues on in the narrative by retracing in reverse order the topics which were mentioned on the way to the significant point, we see this when the story begins with Gilgamesh boasting about how he built the walls of Uruk, and ENDS with boasting how he built the walls of Uruk |
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Term
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Definition
| question of nature VS nurture; how much of who we are is our genetics (nature) vs our culture (how we were nurtured/formed)?, nature reversal: Enkidu begins in nature and then becomes civilized, Gilgamesh starts civilized and turns more wild |
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Term
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Definition
| see above term. Gilgamesh represents city culture, Enkidu represents wilderness culture. epic poses the question: “is culture a good thing?”, Enkidu ends up cursing culture (we could argue that culture ends up killing Enkidu). end message of the poem could be: culture trumps nature! |
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Term
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Definition
| (modern critical theory) = human mind naturally thinks of things in terms of binary opposites (hot/cold, male/female, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| one of 300 stories in The Thousand and One Nights (also known as the Arabian Nights) which is an Arabic collection of stories, story of Buluqiya and his journey to find a ring which gives immortality |
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Term
| The Thousand and One Nights |
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Definition
| Arabic collection of stories, c. 1200-1300 CE, over 300 stories. frame story: Shahriar the Sultan marries virgins and kills them the next morning (angry at women!), a vizier’s daughter named Scheherazade volunteers to marry the Sultan in aim to stop him from murdering, she tells him stories for 1001 nights, after 1001 nights Sultan is humanized, pardons Scheherazade and decides he’s not going to kill his brides anymore |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for The Thousand and One Nights |
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Term
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Definition
| Tale of Buluqiya is arabic epic literature (it shapes the ideas many people have about arabic culture) |
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Term
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Definition
| story is supposedly pre-islamic, islamic author and origin, monotheistic religion involving the Quran, worship Allah, followers are called Muslims |
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Definition
| Sassanid Empire (224 - 651 CE), |
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Term
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Definition
| Beginning and ending with a story |
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Definition
The Sultan
Good king but the finds out his wife is committing adultery
Kills Sultaness
Marries virgins and kills her in the middle of the night |
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Term
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Definition
Daughter to Vizier
volunteers to marry Sultan
Aims to stop murders
tells only a part of a story every night in order to keep sultan interested enough no to kill her |
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Term
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Definition
| Other name for Vizier's daughet |
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Term
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Definition
| a parchment that Buluqiya finds tells of a prophet who has a ring that gives immortality, located in a tomb, goes to find him with Affan, failed to get ring from him |
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Term
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Definition
| where the ring is located, Buluqiya and Affan have to cross the 7 seas (walk across the water), magic plant from Queen Yamlika allows them to walk on water |
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Term
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Definition
| queen, associated with Fountain of Youth, find her underground, acts as narrator to Hasib (imbedded narrative!), discourages them from trying to get the ring, tries to |
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Term
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Definition
| sage who acts as Buluqiya’s guide to help him get to Queen Yamlika, accompanies him across the seven seas, find the tomb of Sulaiman, affan goes to get ring, tells Buluqiya to say a special spell to protect him, buluqiya says the spell wrong, so instead of protecting affan...a little liquid diamond falls and burns affan to pieces |
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Term
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Definition
| character who Yamlika narrates the story to, key component of the imbedded narrative |
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Term
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Definition
concept of story within a story, Yamlika to Hasib
inception |
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Term
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Definition
| the god whom the characters/culture worships (in the islamic religion), when Buluqiya and Affan come across a fruit tree a giant warns them that it is the tree of knowledge from the fall that Allah created |
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Term
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Definition
| Greeks vs Trojans, fought at Troy, lasted 10 years (which is considered a very long time), trojan horse was a huge wooden horse - “gift” from Greeks to Trojans, the Greek soldiers filed out of it at night and captured Troy by their trickery (Illiad was set during Trojan War) |
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Term
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Definition
| king of Phthia, mortal man, father of Achilles |
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Term
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Definition
| a “nereid” (sea nymph), prophecy surrounding Thetis that was very similar to the prophecy that surrounded Metis (which was that Zeus’s child, which Metis bore, would overthrow Zeus); prophecy for Thetis was “the song by Thetis will be stronger than the father”. Therefore, Zeus does not want to have sex with Thetis in fear of this prophecy, so he marries Thetis off to a mortal man: Peleus, mother of Achilles |
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Term
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Definition
| binatural god of “discord/disharmony”, only one not invited to Thetis and Peleus’s wedding, ended up crashing the wedding!, rolls in a golden apple - inscribed on it was “kallistay” in greek (“for the most beautiful”), Hera, Athena, Aphrodite (all 3) claim the apple as their own - appeal to Zeus to decide who gets the apple |
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Term
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Definition
| Zeus’s wife, claims the apple, Hera’s offer = political power, “you will be great king if you give me the apple” (suiting for Hera, because she is a queen of the gods) |
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Term
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Definition
| Zeus’s daughter, offers military glory (suiting b/c she’s a warrior goddess) |
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Term
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Definition
| (most likely) Zeus’s daughter, offers the most beautiful women (suiting b/c she’s goddess of sexual desire) |
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Term
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Definition
| shepherd, human sent down by Zeus to judge between the 3 women, prince of Troy - son of the King of Troy (Priam) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| city in which the Trojan war takes place, eventually defeated by the greeks with the trojan horse, (modern day Turkey) |
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Term
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Definition
| king of Sparta, married to Helen, asks brother Agamemnon to raise a rescue party when his wife gets stolen |
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Term
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Definition
| queen of Sparta, married to Menelaus, daughter of zeus (most beautiful woman in the world), Paris steals her which sparks the beginning of the trojan war |
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Term
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Definition
| region(in Greece) in which Menelaus and Helen were king and queen of |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| greek for hospitality, Trojan war started because of breach in Xenia (hospitality): Paris, a guest in Sparta (which is in Greece), steals Helen and takes her to Troy |
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Term
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Definition
| “lord of men”, king of Mycenae (most powerful city in greece), war prize = Chryseis, she acts as source of plague but won’t return her to stop the plague, great discord between him and Achilles |
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Term
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Definition
-Region where Agamemnon is a powerful King
-Most powerful region in Greece |
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Term
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Definition
| author of the Iliad, literate, poet, poetic meter for homeric epic: hexameter |
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Term
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Definition
| =story about Ilium (which is another name for city of Troy), therefore: story about troy, first word: “menis” = rage, entire book of the Iliad is motivated by Achille’s anger |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| “in the middle of things”, Iliad opens in the 9th year of Trojan War |
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Term
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Definition
| no greek ever called himself “greek” - romans called them greeks! greeks called themselves “Hellenes”, Homer calls them “Achaeans, Argives, Danaans” |
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Term
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Definition
- (post Homeric)
-What Greeks call themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| Argives, Danaans: Homer calls them many names because he is composing his work so early that they haven’t composed a final name for their people. |
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Definition
sends plague to Greece
god of healing and disease |
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Term
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Definition
| priest of Apollo, father of Chryseis, prays for Apollo to send plague to Greece |
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Term
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Definition
| daughter of Chryses, war prize of Agamemnon |
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Term
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Definition
| Greek seer, explains to Greeks why they are being plagued (because of Chryses praying to Apollo) |
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Term
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Definition
Spoil of war
(what heroes want while they are alive) |
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Term
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Definition
Honor (tangible)
based on how much stuff you got from sacking nearby goods-->the more the better |
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Term
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Definition
| - son of Thetis and Peleus, greatest Greek warrior, rage sparks entire Iliad |
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Term
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Definition
| Achilles’ war prize, Agamemnon threates to take Briseis away from him (which would be a loss of honor) |
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Term
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Definition
| aged king of Pylos, acts as adviser, tries to mediate between Achilles and Agamemnon, tells them we are a team trying to fight the trojans so don’t fight among yourselves! says in my day, men were better than now a days |
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Term
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Definition
| Achilles’ men, Achilles withdraws himself and them because of his anger |
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Term
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Definition
| king of the gods, zeus protects kings, only neutral god in the Iliad |
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Term
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Definition
“rage”, first word of Iliad
-[Achilles] caused at the anger of Achilles from Agamemnon |
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Term
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Definition
| Agememnon admitted that the Greeks need Achilles in battle so he sent the “embassy” TO Achilles to try to persuade him to rejoin in battle, embassy = 3 men: Odysseus, Phoenix, Ajax |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the embassy, god who was sent to talk to Achilles, good speaker, clever, tells Achilles: even if you don’t want to help Agamemnon, at least fight to spare the rest of us |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the embassy, Achilles’ tutor, lived in Peleus’s house, helped raise Achilles, like a babysitter, tells Achilles: you’re being unyielding and you need to go fight |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the embassy, second greatest greek warrior after Achilles, when he goes to persuade Achilles he says “we might as well forget it, because clearly Achilles isn’t going to help and we are all dying anyways” |
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Term
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Definition
| “two fates”, Achilles mother told him of his two fates, he could: 1) stay home and live a long life, or 2) go to Troy, live a short life, and earn eternal kleos |
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Term
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Definition
| (glory) = deeds; (for when they are dead) |
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Term
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Definition
| Achilles’ best friend, his “second self”, goes into battle with Achilles’ armor and gets killed by Hector |
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Term
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Definition
| killed by Patroclus, son of Zeus, Zeus knew his son’s impending death and contemplated intervening and saving him but decided not to |
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Term
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Definition
| greatest Trojan warrior, kills Patroclus and takes his armor, killed by Achilles (speared), poem ends with the burial of him |
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Term
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Definition
| name for sea nymphs, example: Achilles’ mother and sisters, mourned with Achilles over Patroclus’s death |
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Term
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Definition
| fire god, shoots down fire at Scamander to save Achilles from his wrath, |
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Term
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Definition
| river god, binatural, angry because bloody bodies were clogging up his river (from Achilles killing the Trojans), tries to drown Achilles twice, stopped by Hephaestus’s fire |
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Term
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Definition
| the name that the gods used for the Scamander River, (according to Homer the gods have different language than humans) |
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Term
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Definition
| god of the sea, came down with Athena and saved Achilles from Scamander (the first time), lifted Achilles up from the waters and set him down |
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Term
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Definition
| name of a Trojan warrior that Apollo disguised himself as, lures Achilles away from Troy right before Achilles is about to capture Troy |
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Term
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Definition
| name of Trojan that Athena disguises herself as (Hector’s brother), “she” (but really “he” haha) tricks Hector to stop running and fight Achilles together but then she abandons him and he is killed by Achilles |
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Term
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Definition
| messenger god, rainbow, binatural, source of warning for Achilles to return Hector’s body |
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Term
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Definition
| king of Troy, father of Hector, is told by Iris to bring gold and ransom back his son’s body |
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Term
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Definition
| god of travel, disguises himself as a young man and leads Priam to Greece to get Hector’s body |
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Term
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Definition
| written in Northern England during Anglo-Saxon period, christian poem, set in Scandinavia , old english language |
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Term
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Definition
| Germanic people, (old english), period in which Beowulf was written |
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Term
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Definition
| language that Beowulf was written in, commonly written/spoken by anglos |
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Term
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Definition
| where the poem was set, =norway, sweeden, denmark, iceland, finland |
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Term
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Definition
| the religion that the author was, stripped out polytheistic attributes of the god, and made it a monotheistic god, original myth of beowulf must have been polytheistic |
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Term
| Beowulf (non-italalizized) |
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Definition
| son of Ecgtheow, a Geat, defeats Grendel and Grendel’s mother, succeeds Hygelac as king, then defeats a dragon but dies dying so, praised by Geats |
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Term
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Definition
| Beowulf’s father, (dead when the story begins) |
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Term
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Definition
| origin/culture of the mentioned people in Beowulf |
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Term
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Definition
| Beowulf’s uncle, king of the Geats, succeeded by Beowulf |
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Term
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Definition
| King of the Danes (or Shieldings), gets help from Beowulf, father figure to Beowulf |
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Term
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Definition
| people from Denmark, Hrothgar is their king |
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Term
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Definition
| name of King Hrothgar’s hall, where the Danes would feast at |
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Term
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Definition
| advisor to Hrothgar, envious of Beowulf |
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Term
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Definition
| demon like monster, annoyed by the loud feasting Danes in Heorot, dies from a mortal wound that Beowulf gave him |
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Term
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Definition
| monster also, comes to avenge her son’s death, kills a Dane, beheaded by Beowulf |
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Term
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Definition
| fire breathing, lives under a mound with treasure, disturbed by a slave, attacks the Geats with fire, killed by Beowulf (but Beowulf dies too in the process) |
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Term
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Definition
| - Beowulf’s best friend, stabs dragon’s belly with a sword |
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Term
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Definition
| this myth is an example of oral poetry, circulated as an oral narrative before it was written down |
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Term
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Definition
| descriptive name accompanying or occurring in place of a name, example: “Beowulf son of Ecgtheow” |
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Term
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Definition
| - character who Beowulf faced in a swimming match, Unferth claims he lost |
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Term
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Definition
| sword given to Beowulf by Unferth, uses in in battle against Grendel’s mom |
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Term
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Definition
| old english word meaning praise, glory, (praise by living), Beowulf had desire for lof (could compare Anglo Saxon “lof” to Homeric “kleos”) |
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Term
| lof-geornost (italicized) |
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Definition
the last word in Beowulf
-keenest to win fame, most yearning after glory |
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Term
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Definition
| first woman acc. to Hesiod, a punishment from Zeus to mankind because Prometheus stole fire |
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Term
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Definition
| one of Hesiod’s works, didactic (teaching like), farmer’s almanac, folk wisdom, where one version of the myth of the first woman exists |
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Term
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Definition
| teaching, gives you moral lessons |
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Term
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Definition
| negative idea of women, characteristic in both versions, strain in Greek culture |
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Term
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Definition
| blacksmith god, formed woman from clay and water |
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Term
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Definition
| brother of Prometheus, given Pandora (from Zeus), was warned by his brother not to accept any gifts but accepted and married her anyways |
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Term
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Definition
| means “box”, Erasmus translated incorrectly to pyxis rather than pithos (“jar”) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| binatural, only thing left in Pandora’s jar after all the evil is released, question of whether Hope is good or bad since she is in a jar full of evils |
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Term
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Definition
| “beautiful evil”, what Hesiod calls the first woman in Theogony |
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Term
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Definition
| ages of man, (gold, silver, bronze, iron), near eastern idea transposed into Greek myth |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporated after the bronze age, do not fit, Heracles, Perseus, Achilles, etc, no decline |
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Term
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Definition
| children of Gaia and Ouranos, |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the titans, father of Prometheus and his 3 brothers |
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Term
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Definition
| aka Themis, earth goddess, mother of Titans |
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Term
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Definition
| the sky god, husband of Gaia, father of Titans |
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Term
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Definition
| made the sky supporter by Zeus as a punishment, brother of Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoitios |
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Term
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Definition
| brother of Prometheus, punished by Zeus - thrown into Tartaros |
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Term
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Definition
| = Sicyon, place where trick takes place, Prometheus wrapped bones in fat (considered good!) and wrapped meat in an ox’s stomach (considered bad!), Zeus chooses bones in fat (according to Hesiod - Zeus wasn’t fooled, the Theogony praises Zeus’s wisdom) |
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Term
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Definition
Equivalent to Mecone,
men and gods sharing |
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Term
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Definition
plant which Prometheus stole fire in, gave it back to mankind
like a torch |
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Term
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Definition
| Greek tragedian, author of Prometheus Bound |
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Term
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Definition
| written by Aeschylus, Prometheus displayed as a culture hero, persecuted by Zeus |
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Term
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Definition
| what Prometheus is depicted as, gets back fire for mankind |
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Term
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Definition
| trickster god, plays role in the creation of humans (compare to Enuma Elish and Atrahasis) |
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Term
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Definition
| woman who Zeus swallowed, (compare to Thetis!) Zeus marries Thetis to a mortal because of the prophecy surrounding Thetis |
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Term
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Definition
| son of Gaia, deadly monster, Prometheus likens himself to him |
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Term
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Definition
| tools, associated with Prometheus’ gift of fire which led to civilization |
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Term
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Definition
| fragmentary, written by Aeschylus, Prometheus displayed as magnanimous culture hero |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
chorus of play
Daughters to Okeanos |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Zeus is sleeping with other woman
-arrives in cow form, transformed by Zeus to protect from Hera
-Zeus hides her from Hera
-Hera sends Argos to kill Io
-Zeus sends Hermes to kill Argos
-Hera sends gadfly to consistently sting Io
-Io spends the rest of her life running away from the fly and runs in to Prometheus |
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Term
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Definition
100 eyes on his body, 1 is always open no matter what
Sent to Io by Hera |
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