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Definition
| to the Native Americans, this was the colonization of the Americas. A story of cultural survival and triumph, not cultural disappearance. |
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| This is the story we have all heard growing up. The European discovery & colonization of the New World. Usually accompanied with notions of "untouched land", "civilization" being brought, and European triumph. |
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| 5 things that effect the earth's climate |
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Definition
| revolution, rotation, inclination, parallelism, and spherical shape |
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| a large geographic area whose physical structure, attributes, morphology & climate distinguishes its geography and geology. |
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| what are natural regions effected by? |
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Definition
| rainfall, temperature, erosion, etc. |
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| how are natural regions grouped? |
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Definition
| there are 42 natural regions grouped into 9 divisions |
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| geographic areas characterized by specific association of flora & fauna (biotic communities) |
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| temps rarely above 0 centigrade, harsh & dry, permafrost (soil frozen most of yr) |
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| as you climb higher, you enter and leave different life zones. |
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| Pleistocene epoch of North America |
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Definition
| most recent episode of global cooling. time of the wooley mammoth |
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Definition
| geographic territories characterized by specific patterns of culture & association of cultural traits |
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| 3 parts of human socio-cultural system |
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Definition
| superstructure, social structure, and infrastructure |
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Definition
| worldview, ehtos, & system of ethics, morals, and values |
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| norms, patterns of relationship (marriage, sex, race), & institutions |
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| subsistence & economic patterns |
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| Precolumbian Plains Villages |
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Definition
| earth lodge buliding peoples, farmed in river valleys (maize), plains riverine zone |
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| Early Post-Contact Plains Villagers |
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Definition
| densely populated villages, corn agriculture, buffalo hunters, trading (this combo made them successful), epicenter of trade, also epicenter of epidemic (smallpox, etc.) |
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| geological period w/ 2 epochs (holocene and pleistocene) |
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Definition
| cyclical advance & retreat of continental scale glaciation, sea level rise/fall, change in mean annual temp & humidity, biogeographical change, evolution of anatomically modern humans |
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Definition
| glacial ice reaches max extension westward; reaches coldest temps; most spectacular fauna & flora appears (Rancholabrean fauna) |
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| period in the final glacial stage that exhibited very large animals (larger than any modern ones) |
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| sequence of prehistoric cultural period in N.A. |
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Definition
| Pre-Clovis -> Paleo-Indian -> Archaic -> Woodland -> Mississipian |
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| cultures of Paleo-Indian period |
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Definition
| Folsom & Clovis Cultures. Hunting & gathering cultures that hunted large animals of the Rancholabrean time |
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| often labeled 1st culture in the New World (until recently); named after Clovis, NM in 1932; fluted bifacial blades indicates a stone tool culture. |
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| 1st recognized at Folsom, NM in 1927; stone tools ("Folsom Points") found all across N.A. in association w/ bison remains |
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Definition
| bison butchering site; 27 lanceolate points; "River of Bones"; example of wasteful stone hunting |
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Definition
| Rancholabrean animals, maybe caused by hunting "blitzkrieg" by Paleo-Indians?, climate change? |
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Term
| characteristics of Holocene epoch |
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Definition
| global temp & humidity rise; de-glaciation; sea levels rise; Ria Coastline develops; migratory bird pop. rises; improvements in conditions for life; Bering Strait drowned by sea |
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Term
| Early Archaic characteristics |
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Definition
| final retreat of Wisconsin glaciation; variation in stone points; wooden canoes; decorative wood & shell objects; burial/status differentiation; atlatl |
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| subsistence & settlement systems of Early Archaic |
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Definition
| little hierarchy (egalitarian); small/mobile bands (move w/ seasons); intimate understanding of nature & animals |
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| characteristics of Middle Archaic |
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Definition
| new projectile points; broad spectrum foraging; increased trade; mound building; broad spectrum hunting and foraging ("Primary Forest Efficiency"); intensified food processing; gather plants, seeds, nuts, fruits, & mussels; slash-burn technology |
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Term
| characteristics of Late Archaic |
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Definition
| new projectile points; widespread trade of exotics; baked clay objects & ceramics; soapstone bowls; mound building expands; asymmetrical treatment of burials; maize pollen; "sedentism" |
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Definition
| appears in Late Archaic; condition of routinely remaining at a single location; more reliant on subsistence in one place; reciprocity & sharing common |
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| sites of the Late Archaic exhibit... |
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Definition
| storage pits, house floors, baked clay objects, and fire tempered ceramics |
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| Late Archaic; fist-sized objects; probably part of culinary technology; used in substitution of stones in "stone boiling"; found in Gulf Coast area where stones are rare |
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Definition
| Late Archaic; adding a "temper" aids in keeping the pottery from cracking in kiln; Spanish moss & other organic plant material used |
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Definition
| Late Archaic; fisher-hunter-gatherers; primarily for ceremonial & burial uses; shows increase in subsistence productivity; evidence of status & stratification; ex: Poverty Point, LA - Central Earthwork Ceremonial Precinct |
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| sequence of change in Late Archaic |
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Definition
| Gathering -> Tending -> Planting |
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Term
| 4 key macro-regions of earth |
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Definition
| SW Asia; S & SE Asia; Mesoamerica; Andean S.A. |
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| primary New World plant domesticants |
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Definition
| maize, beans, squash, potatoes, cacao, manioc, amaranth, etc. |
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Definition
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| primary New World animal domesticants |
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Definition
| dogs, turkeys, guinea pigs, & llamas |
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Definition
| "maize", originated w/ the teocinte plant (perinneal); completely human dependent; must be shucked & planted |
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| domesticated problem children |
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Definition
| sunflower & bottle gourds. hard to find out where they came from originally. |
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Term
| domesticants of Central & S. America |
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Definition
| sunflower, wild gourd, maygrass, marsh elder, & sumpweed |
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Term
| characteristics of the Mississippian period |
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Definition
| native plants replaced by the Three Sisters; Three Sisters become important in Native American religious & ceremonial life; women important in agriculture |
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Definition
| Mississippian figurine; women hoeing serpant's back. serpant has teeth of an animal. |
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| Early Woodland Period characteristics |
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Definition
| well tempered pottery replaces fiber tempered & soapstone; hunting/fishing/gathering central but squash & other seed plants domesticated; Adena Culture; paddle & anvil ceramics; |
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Definition
| early Woodland; walls of pot paddled w/ cord-wrapped paddle & anvil; build pot walls up from base |
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Definition
| Early Woodland; characteristic visible on pottery after the firing sequence |
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Definition
| Early Woodland; no longer used in mading bowls, but used in pipes and other decoratives |
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Definition
| cultural complex centered in Ohio & extending from Indiana to W. Virginia; burial mounds contain rich burial goods w/ raw materials; effigy mounds in forms of birds, snakes, & other animals; ex: Great Serpent Mound @ Chillicothe, Ohio; Marching Bear Effigy Mounds; Iowa |
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| Middle Woodland Period characteristics |
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Definition
| widespread trade in exotic raw materials; elaborate geometric burial mounds; bison scapula hoes; shell hoes. the Woodland period ends badly. |
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| characteristics of the Mississippian Cultural Period |
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Definition
| mound-plaza-village pattern; cultivation of corn, beans, squash; intensive hunting/gathering; shell-tempered ceramics; high quality crafts; Southwestern Cerimonial Complex; long distance trade in exotics |
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Term
| subsistence of the Mississippian |
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Definition
| intensive cultivation of Three Sisters, sunflower, tobacco, chenopods; intensive fishing/plant gathering/hunting; economy based on maize & harvesting wild resources |
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| settlement pattern of Mississippian |
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Definition
| mound building concentrated in great river systems; many plaza-mound-village complexes |
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Definition
| resources were fought over b/c major mound sites controlled most fertile & abundant areas |
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Definition
| "settlement hierarchies" - few were large enough to control others; political & religious power highly centralized w/ elaborate burials & ceremonial complexes; widespread trade networks; social inequality apparent in trade |
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Term
| What is significant about April 15, 1519? |
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Definition
| Hernan Cortes arrived in the New World with a fleet of 11 galleons. 2 years later the conquest of Mexico was over. |
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Definition
| Gran Chichimeca; Huitzilopochtili; Valley of Mexico; Queztalcoatl; Lake Texcoco; Tenochtitlan |
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Definition
| Aztec wet gardens which allowed for constant cropping; very productive |
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Definition
| celebrated as a tie to divination & fortune telling; called the Piedra del Sol |
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Term
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Definition
| their natures were quite terrifying and violent; believed that it was the job of the Aztecs to "feed" the gods w/ sacrifices to appease them. Then, they wouldn't destroy the earth. Aztecs cannibalized the victims. |
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Term
| Spanish defeat of the Aztecs |
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Definition
| invited into the city by Montexuma & given gifts of gold; found allies (enemies of Aztecs); Cortes thought to be a god, Cortes and his men made their move; decimated the city & built a new city on top of it; replaced temple with RCC |
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Term
| reputation of the Spanish soldiers |
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Definition
| best and cruelest of the Spanish Inquisition; highly skilled and organized |
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Definition
| commemorates & depicts everything that happened in the conquest; does not shed a good light on Cortes |
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| leader of the Aztec nation; effective military commander, but given a bad wrap by his people. Killed by his own people at the end of Cortes's raid. |
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| reason for Aztecs to take captives |
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Definition
| macahuitl (preferred weapon carved of hardwood - aim is to maim, not kill) capture victim for sacrafice |
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Term
| location of the Inca Empire and key sites |
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Definition
| Peruvian Andes; Machu Picchu; Cuzco; "Lost Valley of the Incas" |
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Term
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Definition
| Emperor considered to be "Son of the Sun"; complex shrine and calendar system known as the Zeque; refusal by Atahualpa to convert was jumped on as reason to wage war |
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| types of metallurgy used by Incas |
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Definition
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| 1 downfall of Inca Empire |
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Definition
| no official writing system; but they did use an enigmatic Quipu knotted cords |
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Term
| How were the Incas able to keep control of such a vast empire? |
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Definition
| war, tribute extraction, & a vast road system (w/ a post system) |
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Definition
| Spanish melted it down and shipped it back to Spain |
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Definition
| leader of the Aztec Empire at the time Pizarro invaded; taken captive and killed by Pizarro after offering a ransom of gold for his life |
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Definition
| conquistador leader that decimated the Inca Civilization; took over the Peruvian Andes and greedily took all the gold for Spain; later killed by his 1st business partner's son |
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| Advantages of the Spanish |
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Definition
| horses, rapiers, artillery, & the "gift" of smallpox |
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Definition
| fanatical and powerful force with a fixation on life & death |
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Definition
| slave girl given to Cortex; her people labeled her a traitor |
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| staples of the Inca Empire |
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Definition
| potatoes, maize, and guinea pigs |
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