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NBCE Part 1
LaRose Renal Physiology
75
Health Care
Professional
08/23/2012

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Cards

Term
1.       The _____ is an excretory organ with an endocrine function that is made up of 2 parts, the cortex and the medulla.
Definition
KIDNEY
Term
2.       4 main functions of the kidneys.
Definition
1) WASTE EXRETION, 2) ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, 3) BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL, 4) ACID-BASE BALANCE
Term
3.       The functional unit of the kidney is the _____.
Definition
NEPHRON
Term
4.       There are 2 types of nephrons in the kidney. The _____ makes up 80% of all nephrons, while _____ nephrons make up 20%.
Definition
CORTICAL; JUXTA-MEDULLARY
Term
5.       Each nephron contains these 3 parts.
Definition
1) GLOMERULUS ENVEOLOPED IN A DOUBLE LAYR BOWMANS CAPSULE, 2) 2 CONVULUTED TUBULES; ONE PROXIMAL AND ONE DISTAL, 3) A THIN DESCENDING AND THICK ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE
Term
6.       Two hormones secreted by the kidneys are _____ and _____.
Definition
ERYTHROPOIETIN AND RENIN
Term
7.       5 hormones that act on the kidney.
Definition
1) ADH, 2) ALDOSTERONE, 3) ANP, 4) 1,25 DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL, 5) PARATHORMONE
Term
8.       The kidneys function is dependent on its _____.
Definition
BLOOD FLOW
Term
9.       What is the cardiac output to the kidney?
Definition
1L/min (20% OF TOTAL CARDIAC OUTFLOW)
Term
10.   What is the renal plasma flow? 600mL/min
Definition
(60% OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW)
Term
11.   The glomerulus and bowman’s capsule allow an _____ to pass into the proximal convoluted tubule.
Definition
ULTRAFILTRATE
Term
12.   _____ pushes water out of the capillary.
Definition
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
Term
13.   What is the typical hydrostatic pressure?
Definition
60MM/HG
Term
14.   _____ pulls water back into the capillary.
Definition
ONCOTIC PRESSURE
Term
15.   What is the typical oncotic pressure?
Definition
-32MM/HG
Term
16.   _____ pushes water back into the capillary.
Definition
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE PRESSURE
Term
17.   What is the typical bowman’s capsule pressure?
Definition
-18MM/HG
Term
18.   The total net pressure in glomerular filtration is _____.
Definition
10MM/HG
Term
19.   The filtration rate through the glomerulus is _____.
Definition
120ML/MIN
Term
20.   _____in the capillary membrane and _____ between the pedicles of the podocytes in bowman’s capsule as well as the _____ sandwiched in between allow free passage of small molecules and the repulsion of negatively charged proteins.
Definition
PORES; SLITS; NEGATIELY CHARGED BASEMENT MEMBRANE
Term
21.   Do the openings in bowman’s capsule allow red blood cells to be filtered?
Definition
NO
Term
22.   These 5 things can passively be filtered through the glomerulus and be actively reabsorbed by the body as needed.
Definition
1) NA+, 2) K+, 3) H+, 4) CA++, 5) UREA
Term
23.   _____ is only passively filtered by the glomerulus.
Definition
GLUCOSE
Term
24.   Glues can be actively reabsorbed by the _____ one the threshold is exceeded.
Definition
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
Term
25.   What is the renal threshold for glucose?
Definition
180MG/DL
Term
26.   The main function of the _____ is related to reabsorption.
Definition
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
Term
27.   These 6 things are reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule.
Definition
1) BICARBONATE, 2) PHOSPHATE, 3) WATER, 4) UREA, 5) FILTERED AMINO ACIDS, 6) GLUCOSE
Term
28.   The _____ part of the loop of henle is permeable to water and impermeable to urea.
Definition
THIN DESCENDING PART
Term
29.   What is the purpose of the thin part of the loop of henle?
Definition
TO CONCENTRATE URINE BY TRAPPING SODIUM AND CHLORIDE AND REMOVING WATER
Term
30.   The _____ part of the loop of henle and is the diluting segment of the loop.
Definition
THICK ASCENDING PART
Term
31.   The _____part of the nephron is involved in sodium, chloride, water, and calcium reabsorption.
Definition
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
Term
32.   _____ is a hormone that acts on the distal convoluted tubule to facilitate sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
Definition
ALDOSTERONE
Term
33.   At the DCT, _____ is a hormone that converts 25 hydrocycholecaliferol to 1,25 dihydroxycholeciferol which is the active form of _____.
Definition
PARATHORMONE; VITAMIN D
Term
34.   Vitamin D produced by the skin is converted to 25 hydroxycholecaliferol in the _____.
Definition
LIVER
Term
35.   1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol acts on the DCT to facilitate _____ resorption and _____ secretion.
Definition
CALCIUM; PO4
Term
36.   _____ is a hormone that acts mainly on receptors in the cells of the collecting ducts increasing water permeability allowing more water to be reabsorbed.
Definition
ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE
Term
37.   The kidney produces _____ in response to hypoxia. It acts on the myeloid tissue in the bone marrow increasing the production of RBC’s.
Definition
ERYTHROPOIETIN
Term
38.   Erythropoietin is produced by _____ cells in the cortex of the kidney.
Definition
INTERSTITIAL CELLS
Term
39.   _____ is produced by cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to a drop in blood pressure.
Definition
RENIN
Term
40.   A drop in renal blood flow results in a decrease _____ delivery to the macula densa.
Definition
NaCl
Term
41.   The macula densa is located in the _____ near the afferent and efferent arterioles in the glomerulus.
Definition
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
Term
42.   The decrease in NaCl concentration triggers the secretion of _____ from cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Definition
RENIN
Term
43.   Renin is released from the _____ located in the walls of the afferent arteriole immediately proximal to the glomerulus.
Definition
JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS
Term
44.   Renin is a proteolytic enzyme which causes _____ secreted by the liver to be converted to _____.
Definition
ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN 1
Term
45.   Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by _____, which is found in the lung.
Definition
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME
Term
46.   _____ is a powerful vasoconstrictor which will cause an elevation in blood pressure.
Definition
ANGIOTENSIN II
Term
47.   In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of _____, which causes NaCl reabsorption and thus water.
Definition
ALDOSTERONE
Term
48.   The increased water causes an increase in the blood volume, which in turn causes an increase in _____.
Definition
VENOUS RETURN
Term
49.   Increased venous return increased the cardiac output which in turn raises the _____.
Definition
BLOOD PRESSURE
Term
50.   What is another name of anti-diuretic hormone?
Definition
VASOPRESSIN
Term
51.   ADH is secreted by the _____ in the _____ due to the stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.
Definition
SUPRA-OPTIC NUCLEUS; HYPOTHALAMUS
Term
52.   ADH acts mainly on the principal cells in the _____of the kidney causing the reabsorption of water.
Definition
COLLECTING DUCTS
Term
53.   _____ is a peptide hormone produced by stretched atrial myocardial fibers. PEPTIDE HORMONE
Definition
PEPTIDE HORMONE
Term
54.   What is the function of peptide hormone?
Definition
DECREASED NA REABSORPTION RESULTING IN INCREASED URINE PRODUCTION
Term
55.   _____ is a hormone that acts on the distal convoluted tubule causing increased calcium reabsorption.
Definition
1,25 DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL
Term
56.   _____ is a hormone that acts on the DCT increasing NaCl reabsorption.
Definition
ALDOSTERONE
Term
57.   The other role of the kidney together with the _____ is acid/base balance.
Definition
LUNGS
Term
58.   The pH of blood should be in the range of _____ to _____.
Definition
7.35-7.45
Term
59.   The pH is inversely proportional to the actual _____ concentration of blood.
Definition
HYDROGEN ION
Term
60.   There are 2 types of acids produced in the body which are _____ and _____.
Definition
VOLATILE AND NON-VOLATILE
Term
61.   The _____ acid is produced when CO2 reacts with H20 to form carbonic acid.
Definition
VOLATILE ACID
Term
62.   _____ catalyzes the reversible reaction between CO2 and H2O making carbonic acid.
Definition
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
Term
63.   This non-volatile acid is a product of protein metabolism.
Definition
SULFURIC ACID
Term
64.   This non-volatile acid is a product of phospholipid breakdown.
Definition
PHOSPHORIC ACID
Term
65.   This non-volatile acid is a product of glucose breakdown.
Definition
LACTIC ACID
Term
66.   These 3 non-volatile acids are products of fatty acid breakdown.
Definition
KETOACIDS: 1) ACETONE, 2) ACETOACETATE, 3) HYDROXYBUTYRATE
Term
67.   _____ is the major buffer in blood.
Definition
BICARBONATE
Term
68.   The kidney is involved in filtering out excess _____ and _____ ions depending on the needs of the body.
Definition
HYDROGEN AND BICARBONATE
Term
69.   The excess hydrogen ions are excreted as _____ in the kidneys.
Definition
AMMONIUM (NH4+)
Term
70.   If the body produces too much non-volatile acid it causes _____.
Definition
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
Term
71.   When metabolic acidosis is present, the lungs will compensate by _____.
Definition
HYPERVENTILATING
Term
72.   If the lungs are under-functioning, volatile acid and CO2 will be retained causing _____.
Definition
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
Term
73.   When respiratory acidosis occurs, the kidneys will compensate by _____ or _____, while the lungs will compensate by _____.
Definition
EXCRETING EXCESS H+ OR INCREASING HCO3- REABSORPTION; HYPOVENTILATION
Term
74.   If too much CO2 is blown off by the lungs by hyperventilation it causes _____.
Definition
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
Term
If respiratory alkalosis occurs, the kidneys will compensate by _____.
Definition
DECREASING H+ EXCRETION AND HCO3- REABSORPITON
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