Term
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Definition
involuntary, nonrepetitive, but occasionally stereotyped movements affecting distal, proximal, and axial musculature in varying combinations.
most often representative of basal ganglia disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| a brief and rapid contraction of a muscle or group of muscles |
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Term
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Definition
brief, rapid, involuntary movements, often resembling fragments of normal motor behavior.
tend to be stereotyped and repetitive, but not rhythmic |
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Term
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Definition
brief, purposeless, involuntary movements of the distal extremities and face.
usually considered to be a manifestation of dopaminergic over-activityin the basal ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
results in sustained abnormal postures and disruptions of ongoing movement resulting from alterations of muscle tone.
may be generalized or focal |
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Term
| Parkinson's Disease (etiology, prevalence, onset, prognosis, symptoms) |
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Definition
etiology: hypokinetic CNS movement disorder that is idiopathic, slowly progressive, and egenerative
prevalence: occurs in 1% of population over 50
onset: usually after 40, with increasing incidence in older adults
prognosis: deterioration ranges from 2 and 20 years
symptoms:
"pill rolling" tremor of hand
cardinal signs - tremor, rigidity, resistance to PROM, akinesia, postural instability, festinating gait, falling backwards (retropulsion) or forwards (propulsion), mask face, micrographia |
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Term
| Parkinson's Progression - Hoehn & Yarh's Stage I |
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Definition
| unilateral tremor, rigidity, akinesia, minimal or no functional impairment |
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Term
| Parkinson's Progression - Hoehn & Yarh's Stage II |
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Definition
| bilateral tremor, rigidity or akinesia, with or without axial signs, independent with ADL, no balance impairment |
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Term
| Parkinson's Progression - Hoehn & Yarh's Stage III |
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Definition
| worsening of symptoms, first signs of impaired righting reflexes, onset of disability in ADL performance, can lead independent life |
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Term
| Parkinson's Progression - Hoehn & Yarh's Stage IV |
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Definition
| requires help with some or all ADLs, unable to live alone without some assistance, able to walk and stand unaided |
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Term
| Parkinson's Progression - Hoehn & Yarh's Stage V |
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Definition
| confined to a wheelchair or bed, maximally assisted |
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Term
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Definition
| a bony malformation with separation of vertebral arches of one or more vertebrae with no external manifestations |
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Term
| occult spinal dysraphism (OSD) |
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Definition
| when external manifestations such as a red birthmark, patch of hair, a dermal sinus, a fatty benign tumor, or dimple covering the site are present |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| spina bifida with meningocele |
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Definition
| protrusion of a sac through the spine, containing cerebral spinal fluid and meninges; however, does not include spinal cord |
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Term
| spina bifida with myelomeningocele |
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Definition
| protrusion of a sac through the spine, containing cerebral spinal fluid and meninges as well as the spinal cord or nerve roots |
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Term
| Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (onset, etiology, symptoms) |
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Definition
detected between 2 and 6 years of age
inherited, sex-linked, recessive 1/3500
symptoms: enlargement of calf muscles, at times enlargement of forearm and thigh muscles, giving an appearance the child is healthy |
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Term
| Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (etiology, onset, prevalence, prognosis) |
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Definition
etiology: manifested by loss of voluntary, bu preservation of reflexive eye movements, bardykinesia, rigidity, axial dystonia, pseudobulbar palsy, and dementia
onset: later middle life
prevalence: affects 6.5/100,000
prognosis: death occurs approximately 15 years after onset |
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Term
| Cerebellar/Spinocerebellar disorders (symptoms) |
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Definition
ataxia
dysmetria
dysdiadochokinesia
hypotonia
movement decomp tremor
dysarthria
nystagmus |
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Term
| Structural cerebellar lesions |
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Definition
etiology: includes vascular lesions (stroke) and tumor deposits, producing symptoms and signs appropriate to their locus within the cerebellum
alcoholism and nutritional deprivation can cause degeneration of vermis and anterior cerebellum |
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Term
| spinocerebellar degnerations |
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Definition
| a group of degenerative disorders, characterized by progressive ataxia due to the degeneration of the cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and basal ganglia |
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Term
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (etiology, onset, prevalence, prognosis, symptoms) |
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Definition
Lou Gherig's disease
description: motor neuron disease characterized by progressive degeneration of corticospinal tracts and anterior horn cells or bulbar efferent neurons
etiology: unknown
onset: occurs at an average 57
prevalence: more in men than women; ratio of 1.2: 1
prognosis: death after 2 to 5 years
symptoms:
muscle weakness and atrophy, evidence of anterior horn cell destruction, often begins distally and asymmetrically
cramps and fasciculations precede weakness
signs usually begin in hands
lower motor neuron signs are soon accompanied by spasticity, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes and evidence of corticospinal tract involvement
dysarthria and dysphagia
sensory systems, eye movements, and urinary sphincters often spared |
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Term
| Guillain-Barre Syndrome (etiology, onset of recovery, prevalence, prognosis, symptoms) |
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Definition
etiology: unknown (may occur after an infectious disorder, surgery, or an immunizations)
onset of recovery: 2 to 4 weeks after symptoms
prevalence: affects both sexes at any age
prognosis:
50% exhibit mild neurological deficits
15% exhibit residual functional deficits
80% are ambulatory in 6 months
5% die of complications
symptoms:
acute, rapid progressive form of polyneuropathy characterized by symmetric muscular weakness and mild distal sensory loss/paresthesias
weakness is always more apparent than sensory findings and is at first more prominent distally
deep tendon reflexes are lost
sphinctors are spared
respiratory failure and dysphagia (in some cases) |
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Term
| Myasthenia gravis (etiology, onset, prevalence, prognosis, symptoms) |
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Definition
etiology: disease is caused by an autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptor of the postsynaptic neuromuscular function
onset: occurs at any age, most often affects younger women and older men
prevalence: occurs 14/100,000
prognosis: varies, but usually progressively disabling; death may occur with respiratory complications
symptoms:
ptosis, diplopia, muscle fatigue after exercise, dysarthria, dysphagia, and proximal limb weakness
sensation and deep tendon reflexes are intact
symptoms fluctuate over the course of day (in relapsing periods, quadriparesis may develop)
life threatening respiratory muscle involvement may occur |
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Term
| Multiple sclerosis (MS) (etiology, onset, prevalence, prognosis) |
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Definition
etiology: unknown (possibly infection by slow or latent virus and possibly environmental factors)
myelin damage is probably mediated by immune system
onset: between ages of 15 to 50; most often dx in 30s
prevalence: occurs in 100/100,000 in northern US and 30/100,000 in southern US
prognosis: variable; unpredictable disease course |
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Term
| Multiple sclerosis (MS) (symptoms) |
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Definition
multiple and varied neurologic symptoms and signs, usually with remissions and exacerbations
onset usually insidious
paresthesias in 1+ extremities, on trunk, or in face
weakness or clumsiness in leg or hand
visual disturbance (diplopia, partial blindness, nystagmus, eye pain)
emotional disturbances (lability, euphoria, reactive depression)
vertigo
bladder dysfunction
cog features (apathy, memory loss, lack of judgment, inattention)
sensorimotor (spasticity, increased reflexes, ataxia, weakness, gait instability, easy fatigue, hemiplegia or quadriplegia) |
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Term
| Multiple sclerosis (MS) (3 patterns of symptoms) |
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Definition
exacerbations and remissions
relapse and remission
chronic and progressive |
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