Term
Class: NEMATODA
Order: STRONGYLIDA
Superfamily:Trichostrongyloidae "hair worms"
(Classification) |
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Definition
Family: Trichostrongylidea
-Haemonchus, Ostertagia/Teladorsagia, Trichostrongylus, Hyostrongylus, Cooperia
Family: Ornithostrongylidae
-ornithostrongylus
Family: Dictyocaulidae
-dictocaulus
Family: Amidostomatidae
-amidostomum
Family: Molineidae
-nematodirus, olluanus |
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Term
Order: STRONGYLIDA
Superfamily:STRONGYLOIDAE "big mouthed"
(Classification) |
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Definition
Family: Strongylidae *subfamily:strongylinae
-Strongylus, Triodontophorus, Oesophagodontus, Craterostomum
*subfamily:Cyathostominae
-Cyathostomum, Cylicodontophorus, Cylicocyclus, Cylicostephanus, Poteriostomum, Gyalocephalus
Family: Chabertiidae
*subfamily: Oesophagostominae
-Oesophagostomum
*subfamily: Chabertiinae
-Chabertia
Family: Syngamidae
-Stephanurus, Syngamus |
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Term
Order: STRONGYLIDA
Superfamily:ANCYLOSTOMATOIDAE "hook worms" (Classification) |
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Definition
Family: Ancylostomatidae
-Ancylostoma, Agriostomum, Bunostomum, Uncinaria, Necator, Gaigeria, Globocephalus |
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Term
Order: STRONGYLIDA
Superfamily:METASTRONGYLOIDAE "lung worms"
(Classification) |
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Definition
Family: Metastrongylidae
-Metastrongylus
Family: Protostrongylidae
-Muellerius, Elephostrongylus, Varestrongylus, Protostrongylus
Family: Filaroididae
-Filaroides
Family: Angiostrongylidae
-Aelurostrongylus |
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Term
| The Strongylids (in general) |
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Definition
-Free-living stages = L1, L2 feeding on bacteria in the environment
-males are bursate nematodes = a copulatory bursa + 2 spicules
-females = 2 uteri + ovijector apparatus
-life cycle = adult in D.H. lays eggs which are passed in the feces where thye hatch to L1 and L2, after which an ensheathed L3 moves onto the grass for ingestion. L3 then becomes L4 (exsheathed) in the host and matures to the adult.
-eggs:
Thin shelled, oval, usually in the morula stage
- growth conditions: O2 present, warm conditions and moist (L3 requires sufficient nutrient stores) |
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Term
| The Trichostrongylids (in general) |
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Definition
slender hair like worms that are important in ruminants (and some others)that usually occupy the stomach or small intestine.
-Males are bursate
-females (slightly larger than males) have an ovijector apparatus
-simple mouths = feeding on fluids and blood
-life-cycle:
*typical and direct
*infective [L3]
*ppp = 2-4 weeks
*no mirgation (except some in mucosa) |
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Term
| Haemonchus contortus "blood sucking" |
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Definition
-animals effected: sheep, goats and small burdens in cattle
-severe anaemia results = highly pathogenic
-female (larger)= "barber's pole worm" due to twisting of blood filled intestine with the uterus, has a vulval flap
-males:bursa has an asymmetrical dorsal lobe and barbed spicules
-prefers warm climates = seasonal to the summer/autumn and limited to the NI only.
-mouth contains a buccal lancet
found in the abomasum |
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Term
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Definition
-Animals: cattle only(not found in NZ)
-female: no vulval flap, otherwise similar to H. contortus
-male: |
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Term
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Definition
-Animals:ruminants and camelids
*sheep and goats = now considered Teledorsagia
-prefer cooler climates
-simpled mouthed that does not suck blood =borwn color in fresh worms
-burrows in the mucosa
-male: spicules are species dependent and they have a symmetrical dorsal lobe
-females: vulvular flap and tail striations
-small cervical dilation = square anterior end
-Sheep and Goats: Teledorsagia
*T. circumcincta = major morphotype
*T. trifurcata = minor morphotype
-cattle:
*O. ostertagi = major morphotype
*O. lyrata = minor morphotype
-deer:
*several related spp in related genera = "ostertagia-like" (don't need to know the specific names)
-Camellids (NZ->alpaca):
*Camelostrongylus mentulatus |
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Term
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Definition
-Animals: sheep, goats, cattle, horses (pigs?)= very broad range
* T. axei is the only one found in the stomach/abomasum, the other spp are in the small intestine.
*T. colubriformis (sheep, goats, cattle) - prefers warm climates
*T. vitrinus (sheep, goats, cattle) - prefers cooler climates
*T. longispicularis (cattle)
*T. tenuis (birds) - found in the caecae
-excretoy pore in a notch below the esophgus
-males: pair spicules that are symmetrical (except T. axei, which also has an obvious gubernaculum)
-females: ovijector apparatus (all look the same therefore cannot speciate them) |
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Term
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Definition
-in the stomach of pigs only, especially in free-range pigs
-causes diarrhoea, stomach ulceration and nodules and hemorrhage
-looks like T. axei but larger with cephalic dilations
-Males: spicules are symmtrical |
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Term
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Definition
-stomach of cats, including large cats
but non-pathogenic
-males: short bursa and short spicules
-female:tail has 3-5 cusps and usually coiled
-LARVIPAROUS = L3 comes out of the female and no eggs. They don't survive through the gut, therefore they are vomitd up by the queen and passed to the kittens. |
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Term
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Definition
-animals: ruminants
-found in the small intestine
-highly coiled anterior end (anterior end is much thinner than the posterior end)
-prominent cephalic dilation (flared out)
-eggs are VERY LARGE (2X normal strongylid)
-females: posterior end is thicker to allow for eggs, and the tial ends in a cuticular spine
-males: have very long spicules that come to a point at the end (characteristic shape depends on spp)
-life-cycle: L3 develops WITHIN THE EGG and then hatches, slow development and hatching requires cool temperatures
- 3 spp in NZ:
*N. Spathiger- sheep, goats, cattle
*N. filicollis- sheep, goats, cattle
-imortant b/c its pathogenic in the SI
*N. helvetianus- cattle |
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Term
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Definition
-Animals: sheep, goats, cattle and deer
-found in the small intestine
-rounded cephalic dilation
-female: tail and anterior end are the same size but the tail tapers to a point
-males: spicules are short and not joined with a characteristic wavy shape with a knob on the end
*sheep and goats: C. Curticei- coiled snail-shell shape.
*cattle:
-C. onocphora - most common
-C. punctata
-C. mcmasteri
*Deer - C. pectinata - minor spp in this host |
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Term
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Definition
-lung worm
-animal: host specific
-Morphology is not important since its location and size and animal host identifies it.
-reduced copulatory bursa with short, fat spicules.
-life-cycle: lympho-pulmonary migration of double ensheathed L3. Eggs hatch as L1 in the small intestine and leave via the feces. L2 is ensheathed..therefore do not feed. ppp = 4 weeks due to long migration.
-female: uterus is very full looking due to L1 eggs
-cattle = D. vivparous
-sheep, goats = D. filaria
-horse,donkey = D. arnifieldi
-deer = D. eckerti (most important parasite of deer) |
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Term
| Ornithostrongylus quadriradiatus |
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Definition
-animal: doves and pigeons
-found in the proventriculus and small intestine (highly pathogenic b/c it sucks blood)
-life-cycle: ingest L3 without migration |
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Term
| Libyostrongylus douglassi |
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Definition
-animals: NZ ostrich
-burrows in the proventriculus and sucks blood = highly pathogenic and most common cause of death in young chicks |
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Term
| Strongyloidea (in general) |
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Definition
-stout worms with a large buccal capsule = "plug feeders"
-infection is ingestion of [L3] or sometimes percutaneous
-direct life-cycle, some migrate
-normal strongylid eggs
-strongylidae: horses (present in the large intestine)
*Strongylinae (large strongyle)
-migratory: S. vulgaris, S. edentatus, S. equinus
-non-migratory: Triodontophorus, Oesophagodontus, Craterostomum
*Cyathostominae (small strongyle)
-non-migratory
-Chabertiidae: ruminants and pigs
*Oesophagostominae and Chabertiinae
-in ruminants strongyles are relics of pre-ruminant ancestor
-Chabertia ovina: in sheep, have the largest buccal capsule
-Syngamidae: birds and pigs
*Syngamus (trachea of birds) and Stephanurus (kidney of pigs) |
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Term
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Definition
3 types: small but globular buccal capsules
1. S. vulgaris "blood worms"-
*2 rounded teeth
*reddish-brown color
*found in the caecum
*life-cycle: [L3] exsheathes in the small intestine, penetrates the gut wall and accumulate in the cranial mesenteric artery and become L4 (highly pathogenic). Remain in a thrombus in the artery for 3-4 months and become an adult and migrate to the caecum. (ppp = 6 months)
2. S. edentatus-
*no teeth but a dorsal gutter
*Life-cycle: [L3] exsheaths in SI and penetrates the gut wall and migrates to the liver then on to the peritoneum and finally to the LI (ppp = 11 months)
3. S. equinus-
*three pointed teeth
* rare
*ppp = 9 months
* migrate to liver and across peritoneum |
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Term
| Non-migratoy Strongylinae |
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Definition
-3 types:
1. Triodontophorus-common
2. Oesophagodontus- uncommon
3. Craterostomum- uncommon
*still invade glands, mucose and even the sub-mucosa. Emerge as late L4, immature adults are the most pathogenic stage |
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Term
| Cyathostominae (in general) |
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Definition
-"red worms" -small strongyles
-dominant equine parasite
-usually found in the colon
-buccal capsule shape can be: straight-sided, shallow-cylindrical or rectangular.
-usually no teeth
-males:bursa is elongated dorsally
-life-cycles: larvae penetrate glands and sub-mucosa and become encysted, L3 become inhibited (difficult to get rid of) (ppp = 6-12 weeks) |
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Term
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Definition
-animals: ruminants and pigs
- rectangular buccal capsule +/- a leaf crown
-cephalic and cervical dilations
-cervical alae
-non-migratory (similar to cyathostomes)
-encysted L3
-cattle: O. radiatum
*pale
*common
*distinct cephalic and cervical dilations
*induce nodules in the mucosa
-Sheep (and cattle): O. venulosum
*common
*narrow alae
*non-pathogenic and non-nodule formation
-sheep: O. columbianum
*exotic to NZ
*wide alae
*severely pathogenic with severe nodule formation
-pigs: O. dentatum
*may cause nodules
*pathogenicity debated |
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Term
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Definition
-the avian "gapeworm"
-animals: young game birds
-the female (larger) and the male (smaller) are in permanent copulation
-egg: L3 with polar caps
-looks like tangled spagetti
-life-cycle:direct, ingested [L3] in egg, hatch or P.H. is ingested (snails, earthworms), L3 migrates to lungs, eggs coughed up and swallowed |
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Term
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Definition
-pig kidney worm
-very large and found in tropical climates (northern NI)
-infective stage = [L3]
-life-cycle: direct, infection by"
*percutaneous
*[L3] ingestion from food
*[L3] ingestion from P.H. (earthworm)
moult to L4 and migrates to the liver where it becomes an adult and migrtes across the peritoneal cavity to the kidneys, eggs passed in urine |
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Term
| Ancylostomatoidea (in general) |
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Definition
-the "hook worms"
-hooked anterior end
-large, SI parasite
-large buccal capsule, with cutting plates - blood suckers
-migratory: infection
*percutaneous
*transmammary
*transplacental
*oral
-non-migratory: infection
*oral - entire development within the gut |
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Term
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Definition
-animal: dogs
-rare in NZ -highly pathogenic
-each cutting plate has 3 teeth
-Life-cycle: direct, infection is percutaneous.
*exsheathes on the skin
*L3 migrates to lungs and become L4 then migrate to SI and become an adult. Some may migrate to the mammary gland or placenta where it infects the pups. |
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Term
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Definition
-animals: dogs (one case in cats)
-smooth cutting plates (no teeth)
-hook worm dermatitis
-life-cycle: direct, infection is oral (sometimes percutaneous), no migration. |
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Term
| Bunostomum phlebotomum and Bunostomum trigonocephalum |
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Definition
-animals: sheep, goats and cattle
-common in NZ
-smooth cutting plates (B. phlebotomum has a dorsal cone in the buccal capsule)
-large, stout worms in the SI
-infection via percutaneous or oral
-ppp about 8 weeks
* A. braziliense - percutaneous infection of human |
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Term
| Metastrongyloidea (in general) |
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Definition
-the "true lung worms"
- slender, pulmonary parasites
-life-cycles: indirect (using smails and earthworms and I.H.), egg contains L1 which hatches quickly. Lumphatic-pulmonary migration. [[L3]] infective in I.H. and P.H. |
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Term
| M. apri, M. pudendotectus and M. salmi |
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Definition
-animals: pigs
-found in the bronchi and bronchioles of the diaphragmatic lobes of the lungs
-egg with L1 in the feces
-life-cycle: L1 is ingested by earthworms which hatch and develop into L3 in the pseudohearts of the worm (ppp = 3-4 weeks)
-pathogenic in large numbers |
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Term
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Definition
-animals: sheep and goats
-very delicate
-found in the terminal bronchioles, alveoli and lung parenchyma
-more pathogenic in goats
-L1 in feces (with a distinct tail)
-life-cycle: L1 infects the snail, which develops into L3 then the sheep ingests the snail (ppp = 6-10 weeks)
-longevity = >2 years |
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Term
| Protostrongylus refescens |
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Definition
-animals: sheep
-found in the small bronchioles
-life-cycle: same as muellerius
-non- pathogenic
-easily confused with D. filaria
-ppp = 5-6 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
-animals: red deer
-found in the airways (along with D. eckerti)
-life-cycle: same as Muelleris
-non-pathogenic
-complicated diagnosis of E. cervi |
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Term
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Definition
-animals: red deer and wapiti
-found in the connective tissue (sometimes in the CNS)
-life-cycle: L1 hatched from egg in the feces, otherwise the same as Muellerius (ppp 2-3 months)
-meat quality issues
-some bronchiole problems but otherwise low pathogenicity |
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Term
| Aelurostrongylus abstrusus |
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Definition
-animals: cats
-common in NZ?
-very fragile worm
-found in the bronchioles and lung parenchyma
-L1 has a spine
-life-cycle: indirect, relies on the cat eating a bird (P.H.) that has eaten an infected snail (I.H.) |
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Term
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Definition
-"French heart worm"
-animals: dogs
-not in NZ
-clinical signs: coughing, heart problems and coagulopathies
-life-cycle: complex, eggs ingested by the snail, which is eaten by a fox which is eaten by the dog. The worm migrates from the heart -> lungs -> GIT and out. |
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Term
| Filaroides (Oslerus) osleri |
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Definition
-animals: dogs
-maybe present in NZ
-nodule formation at the trcheal bifurcation
-life-cycle: direct via infective L1. It is spread via mucous in regurgitated food
*other Filaroides
-F. hirthi: in lungs of dogs, L1 infecive.
-F. decorus: sea lions |
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Term
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Definition
-"thread worms"
-either free living or parasitic
-infective stage in L3 without a sheath
via percutaneous route
-can be transfered in milk or in utero
-ppp = 9-10 days VERY SHORT! |
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Term
| Genus: STRONGYLOIDES (in general) |
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Definition
-sexual progeny can develop in 2 ways:
1. as a parasitic female via an infective L3 (fast method)
2. as a free-living adult (slow method)
*some spp alternate between the two (free-living then parasitic)
*others choose based on environmental conditions
-infection is via percutaneous route
*pregnant females: precutaneous, into milk and across placenta
*autoinfection: eggs hatch in the gut as L3 and migrate into the tissues
-migration: lympho-pulmonary -> GIT and out
-type and animals:
* S.papillosus: sheep and goats
* S. westeri: horses
* S. ransomi: pigs
* S. stercoralis: man, apes (dogs and cats)
* S. avium: birds (in caecae)
* S. canis?
* S. felis? |
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