Term
| What are the 6 major regions of the CNS? |
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Definition
1. spinal cord
2. medulla oblongata
3. pons and cerebellum
4. midbrain
5. thalamus and hypothalamus
6. cerebral cortex and basal ganglia |
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Term
What makes up:
1. mesencephalon
2. diencephalon
3. telencephalon |
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Definition
1. midbrain
2. thalamus and hypothalamus
3. cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, amygdala, hippocampus |
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Term
| What components make up gray matter? |
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Definition
| neurons, dendrites, unmyelinated axons and many glia |
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Term
| what components make up the white matter? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the CNS hows are neurons arranged in 1) gray matter and 2) white matter? |
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Definition
1. nuclei (clusters) and laminae (layers)
2. reticular formations (loosely interspersed) |
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Term
| what is a neuronal system? |
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Definition
| anatomically and functionally linked groups of neurons involving most or all regions of the CNS |
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Term
| what does the CNS consist of? |
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Definition
it is a fluid filled tube surrounded by fluid kept in place by 3 meninges:
- brain, spinal cord, 12 cranial nerves, dorsal and ventral roots
- contains systems dedicated to both somatic and visceral (autonomic) function |
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Term
| which part of the CNS is regionalized? |
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Definition
| the brain; the spinal cord has almost no regionalization |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of the brain and brain regions |
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Term
| what area of the brain contains the outgrowths for the optic nerve and retina? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. olfactory organs
2. rostral choroid plexus
3. IIIrd ventricle
4. IVth ventricle
5. inner ear
6. caudal choroid plexus
7. spinal cord
8. medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
9. cerebellum (metencephalon)
10. midbrain (mesencephalon)
11. eye
12. diencephalon
13. telencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
1. choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
2. choroid plexus of IVth ventricle
3. IVth ventricle
4. cerebral aqueduct
5. IIIRd ventricle
6. lateral ventricle |
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Term
rostral = cranial = same as (anterior/posterior)?
caudal = tail = (anterior/posterior)? |
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Definition
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Term
| In most animals the CNS is a straight tube and position and orientation are straight forward. In humans this is complicated by what two factors? |
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Definition
1. upright posture leading to
2. downward shift of the foramen magnum |
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Term
| the plane of thhe cranial fossae are oriented at parallel/right angles to the axis of the spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
| The cephalic flexure at the level of the (1) causes the long axis of the pons and medulla to be aligned with the long axis of the (2)and the long axes of the diencephalon and telencephalon to be parallel/at right angles to the long axis of the spinal cord |
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Definition
1. midbrain
2. spinal cord
3. right angles |
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Term
What are the modern conventional terms of:
1. anterior horn
2. posterior columns
3. pons
4. superior colliculus |
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Definition
1. ventral horn
2. dorsal columns
3. anterior to the medulla (although it is dorsal or superior in anatomical position)
4. superior to the inferior colliculus but shoulld be described as ANTERIOR |
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Term
| The white matter in the spinal cord, medulla, pons, and midbrain is found on the inside/outside. The white matter in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and diencephalon is found mostly on the inside/outside. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gray matter consists of? (3) |
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Definition
1. neurons and dendritic processes and axons
2. lots of non-neuronal cells like astroglia
3. lots of unmyelinated axons |
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Term
| Where does most of the functional synaptic activity of the CNS occur? Where does most of the brain functional imaging show activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are neurons arranged in gray matter? |
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Definition
1. high density clusters called nuclei
2. in layers called laminae
3. loose, low-density arrangements scattered among fiber bundles |
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Term
| All neurons are found in ______ but most cells in gray matter are _____ such as ____, ____, amd _____ |
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Definition
| gray matter, glia, astrocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of neurons each which have their own cell nucleus; it is a collegction of functionally related neurons |
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Term
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Definition
1. nucleus ambiguous
2. by shape (amygdala -almond)
3. color (substantia nigra - black stuff, locus ceruleus - blue, globus pallidus - pale ball)
4. consistency (substantia gelatinosa - jelly-like substance) |
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Term
| Where are neuronal laminae most likely to be found? and how many layers may be present? |
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Definition
1. cerebral and cerebellar cortices
2. 3-15 layers/sublayers of neurons |
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Term
| What is a reticular formation? |
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Definition
| neurons that randomly form clusters between nucleu; loose aggregations of nuerons scattered between more clearly defined nuclei |
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Term
| Where are reticular formations likely to be found? |
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Definition
| midbrain, diencephalon, pons, medulla, spinal cord |
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Term
| More than ____% of the human CNS is white matter |
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Definition
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Term
| What is contained in white matter? |
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Definition
| densely packed myelinated axons and their associated glia (oligodendroglia) connecting different nuclei and regions of the CNS; contains tracts |
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Term
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Definition
| a tract is an individual bundle of white matter connecting different CNS regions and many nuclei named by origin and target of most of their axons or by shape |
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Term
| what is a fasciculus or funiculus? |
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Definition
| anatomically distinct and rounded bundle of white matter (longitudinal bundle) - contain tracts |
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Term
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Definition
| white matter tract that runs between two sides of the CNS such as the corpus callosum |
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Term
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Definition
| white matter tract in a crescent-shaped bundle |
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Term
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Definition
| crossing from one side of the CNS to other |
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Term
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Definition
| a short, thick bundle of white matter |
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Term
| what is considered essential knowledge for indentifying the location of CNS lesions? (3) |
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Definition
1. where a major tract is located in the region it traverses
2. knowing in which region a tract crosses
3. knowing the basic arrangement of acons in the major tracts; partial lesions can eliminate functions over one part of the body and not others |
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Term
| No neuron is more than ____ synapses away from any other neuron in the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| essential connecting specialization between neurons |
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Term
| the CNS runs on a systems arrangement...what is the advantage? disadvantage? |
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Definition
advantage - high-level processing of info
disadvantage - once a system is damaged its particular function is lost |
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Term
| Most connections between neurons are ______. |
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Definition
| reciprocal (go both directions) |
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Term
| Axons branch and most connections in the brain are organized in a ____ manner |
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Definition
| parallel: A to B and C and B to C and A |
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Term
| What are the three basic types of neuronal systems? |
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Definition
1. information-rich systems
2. regulatory
3. command |
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Term
| What is an information rich system? |
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Definition
| contain real world information with all sensory systems and major parts of the motor system; spatial organization of information; internal info goes to the hypothalamus |
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Term
| What are 4 information rich systems? |
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Definition
| somatotopy, retinotopy (visual), tonotopy (auditory), myotopy (motor) |
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Term
| What are regulatory neuronal systems? |
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Definition
| do not carry real world information but influence single-to noise ratio in sensory and motor systems and are involved in attention and consciousness. characterized by monamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline. Also characterized by the widespread dispersion of axons of single cells |
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Term
| What are command neuronal systems? |
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Definition
| On the output side of the CNS and involved in turning on hard-wired circuits such as in walking |
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Term
| what are 5 major properties of complex neuronal circuits? |
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Definition
1. dynamic
2. exhibit plasticity
3. generate patterns and rhythms
4. store info diffusely
5. can function after losing some elements |
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