Term
control of the body's billions of cells is accomplished in part by two body-wide communication systems: |
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Definition
1. The Nervous System 2. The endocrine system |
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Term
transmits information very rapidly by nerve impulses conducted from one body area to another |
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Definition
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Term
transmits information more slowly by chemicals secreted by ductless glands into the bloodstream and circulated from the glands to other parts of the body |
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Definition
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Term
________ and _________ communicate information to body structures, increasing or decreasing their activities as needed for healthy survival |
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Definition
hormones and nerve impulses |
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Term
__________ is possible only if our physiological control and integration systems function properly |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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the function of the _______ _________ is accomplished by the conduction of the nerve impulses and the passing of nerve impulses across a synapse |
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Definition
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Term
______ ________ are an exchange of ions between the interior and exterior of the neuron. |
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Definition
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Term
list the 5 organs of the nervous system |
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Definition
1. brain 2. spinal cord 3. nerves 4. specialized sense organs 5. microscopic sense organs found in skin |
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Term
two principal divisions of the nervous system |
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Definition
1. central nervous system 2. peripheral nervous system |
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Term
consists of the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
the term ____________ is appropriate because nerves extend to outlying parts of the body |
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Definition
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Term
the nervous system connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body |
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Definition
peripheral nervous system |
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Term
division of the human nervous system that regulates involuntary actions |
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Definition
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Term
subdivision of the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
system that controls heart rate, and contractions of the stomach and intestines |
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Definition
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Term
2 types of cells in the nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
nerve cell; including its processes |
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Definition
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Term
supporting cells of the nervous tissue |
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Definition
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Term
difference between neurons and neuroglia |
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Definition
neurons conduct impulses, neuroglia supports neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
1. axon 2. dendrite 3. cell body |
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Term
transmits to the cellbody |
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Definition
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Term
transmits away from the cell body or dendrite |
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Definition
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Term
main part of a neuron from which the dendrites and axons extend |
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Definition
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Term
branching, or tree-like; a nerve cell process that transmits impulses toward the body |
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Definition
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Term
nerve cell process that transmits impulses away from the cell body (elongated projection) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1.sensory neurons 2.motor neurons 3. interneurons |
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Term
_______ neurons transmit to spinal cord and brain |
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Definition
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Term
_________ neurons transmit away from the brain and cord |
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Definition
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Term
________ neurons transmit from sensory neurons to motor neurons |
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Definition
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Term
motor neurons only conduct impulses to two kinds of tissue: |
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Definition
1. muscle tissue 2. glandular epithelial tissue |
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Term
white fatty substance formed by schwann cells that wrap around some axons outside the central nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
axons outside the central nervous system that are surrounded by a segmented wrapping of myelin |
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Definition
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Term
indentations that are found between adjacent Schwann cells |
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Definition
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Term
Nerve sheath (outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell) |
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Definition
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Term
Large nucleated cells that form myelin |
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Definition
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Term
Plays an essential part in the regeneration of cut and injured axons |
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Definition
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Term
the potential for regeneration of the _____ nervous system is far less that in the _________ nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
do NOT specialize in transmitting neurons; support cells; special types of connective tissue cells; vary in size and shape |
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Definition
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Term
derived from greek word meaning "glue" |
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Definition
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Term
one function of the _________ is to hold functioning neurons together and protect them |
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Definition
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Term
one of the most common brain tumors |
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Definition
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Term
a somewhat star-shaped glial cell with threadlike branches that attach to neurons and to small blood vessels, holding theses structures to each other |
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Definition
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Term
two-ply wall formed by the wall of capillaries and the surrounding extensions of astrocytes; functions to prevent harmful chemicals from entering vital brain tissue |
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Definition
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Term
one type of connective tissue found in the brain and spinal cord; smaller; usually remain stationary; however, if there is an inflamed or degenerating brain tissue, they enlarge, move about, and act as a microbe-eating scavenger |
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Definition
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Term
serve to produce fatty myelin sheath; holds nerve fibers together |
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Definition
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Term
a group of peripheral nerve fibers (axons) bundled together like the strands of a cable |
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Definition
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Term
________ _________ make nerves look white |
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Definition
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Term
a single nerve pathway made up of several bundles of axons and extending through the central nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
_______ form the white matter in the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
nerves covered with myelin are ________ matter |
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Definition
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Term
tissue comprising cell bodies and unmyelinated axons and dendrites are ________ matter |
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Definition
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Term
the thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each axon in a nerve |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
connective tissue that encircles a bundle of nerve fibers within a nerve |
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Definition
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Term
a tough, fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve |
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Definition
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Term
only ___________ can produce/provide rapid communication between cells necessary for maintaining life |
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Definition
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Term
if all impulse conduction ceases, _______ ceases |
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Definition
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Term
another name for nerve impulse |
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Definition
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Term
routes traveled by nerve impulses |
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Definition
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Term
allows an impulse to travel in only one direction; specialized neuron pathway |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. two-neuron arc 2. three-neuron arc |
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Term
_______ __________ are like a one way street |
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Definition
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Term
2nd simplest kind of reflex arc |
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Definition
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Term
peripheral beginning of a sensory neuron's dendrite; often located a distance away from the spinal cord (i.e. tendons, skin, mucous membranes) |
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Definition
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Term
tapping the knee is an example of a ____ neuron reflex arc |
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Definition
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Term
a group of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system; located near the spinal cord; contains 100's of cell bodies in each; usually gray matter |
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Definition
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Term
ganglion located near the spinal cord; where the neuron cell body of the dendrites of the sensory neuron is located |
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Definition
dorsal (posterior) root ganglion |
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Term
a self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neuron's plasma membrane |
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Definition
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Term
__________ _________ do not continually race along every nerve cell's surface; first have to be initiated by a ______, or a change in environment |
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Definition
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Term
junction (space) between adjacent neurons |
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Definition
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Term
responding organ; puts nerve signals "into effect" |
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Definition
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Term
involuntary action; the response to impulse conduction over a reflex arc |
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Definition
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Term
example of three-neuron reflex arc |
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Definition
exposing hand to hot stove and pulling it away (withdrawal reflex) |
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Term
reflex that moves a body part away from an irritating stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
all _____________ lie within the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
________ matter forms the H-shaped inner core of the spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
three-neuron arcs have _____ synapses |
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Definition
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Term
diseases involved with oligodendrocytes and myelin formation |
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Definition
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Term
most common primary disease of the central nervous system; a myelin disorder |
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Definition
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Term
think of a ________ __________ as a tiny spark sizzling its way along a fuse |
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Definition
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Term
when a nerve impulse encounters myelin and "jumps" from one node of Ranvier to the next; very fast; faster than nonmyelinated sections |
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Definition
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Term
how does a nerve impulse conduct across a neuron? |
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Definition
chain of events 1. it is stimulated 2. positive Na+ rushes inward; temporarily becoming positive 3. section immediately recovers and impulse moves to the next section |
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Term
the place where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another neuron |
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Definition
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Term
neuron situated proximal (before) a synapse |
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Definition
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Term
neuron situated distal (after) to a synapse |
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Definition
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Term
3 structures that make up a synapse |
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Definition
1. synaptic knob 2. synaptic cleft 3. plasma membrane of postsynaptic neuron |
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Term
a tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron's axon that contains vesicles with neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Term
small, neurotransmitter containing sac |
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Definition
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Term
chemicals by which neurons communicate |
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Definition
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Term
the space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron |
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Definition
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Term
the ______ __________ of the _________ neuron has protein molecules embedded in it opposite the synaptic knob; these serve as receptors to which neurtransmitters bind |
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Definition
plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron |
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Term
specific ______________ are localized in discrete groups of neurons and released in specific pathways |
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Definition
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Term
chemical neurotransmitter; released at some of the synapses in the spinal cord and other neuromuscular junctions |
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Definition
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Term
hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; released by sympathetic nervous system; neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Term
norepinephrine and epinephrine; may play a role in sleep, motor function, mood, and pleasure recognition |
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Definition
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Term
chemical (neurotransmitter) in central nervous system that influences pain perception; a natural pain killer; morphine-like |
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Definition
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Term
peptide chemical in the central nervous system that acts as a natural painkiller; morphine-like |
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Definition
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Term
diffuses directly across the plasma membrane of neurons rather than being released from vesicles |
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Definition
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Term
fluid containing membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
4 major divisions of the brain |
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Definition
1. brainstem 2. diencephalon 3. cerebellum 4. cerebrum |
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Term
3 components of the brain stem |
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Definition
1. medulla oblongata 2. pons 3. midbrain |
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Term
lowest part of the brainstem; an enlarged extension of the spinal cord; the vital centers are located in this area; lies just above the foramen magnum |
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Definition
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Term
located in brain; where bits of gray and white matter mix intricately |
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Definition
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Term
the part of the brainstem between the medulla oblongata and midbrain |
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Definition
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Term
top part of the brainstem |
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Definition
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Term
cardiac, respiratory, and vasometer centers located in the medulla; they control heartbeat, respirations, and blood pressure |
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Definition
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Term
brainstem has ____-way conduction paths |
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Definition
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Term
brainstem sends messages _____ and _____ the brain |
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Definition
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Term
neurons that conduct impulses up the spinal cord and to the brain |
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Definition
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Term
neurons that conduct impulses from the brain and to the spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
"between" brain; parts of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres and the mesencephalon (or midbrain); small, consists of the hypothalamus and the thalamus |
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Definition
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Term
the 2 main parts of the diencephalon |
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Definition
1. thalamus 2. hypothalamus |
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Term
vital neuroendocrine and autonomic control center located beneath the thalamus |
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Definition
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Term
functions of the hypothalamus |
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Definition
regulation of body temperature, water balance, sleep-cycle control, appetite, and sexual arousal |
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Term
posterior pituitary and extensions of the third ventricle are extensions of the |
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Definition
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Term
exerts major control over virtually all internal organs |
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Definition
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Term
what is meant by "don't judge by appearances" in accordance with the hypothalamus |
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Definition
by the looks of it, (smallness) it doesn't look very important, but it is one of the most important things in the brain |
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Term
hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland to regulate the balance of water in the body by accelerating the reabsorption of water; affects the volume of urine excreted; ultimately controlled by hypothalamus |
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Definition
antidiuretic hormone (adh) |
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Term
hormone produced by the hypothalamus that causes the anterior pituitary to release its hormones |
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Definition
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Term
___________ indirectly helps control the functioning of every cell in the body |
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Definition
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Term
located just above the hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
functions to help produce sensations and associate sensations with emotions; plays a part in the arousal mechanism; dumb bell shaped gray matter; composed chiefly of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons that have axons extend up toward the sensory areas of the cerebrum |
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Definition
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Term
functions of the thalamus |
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Definition
sensory relay station from various body areas to cerebral cortex; emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms |
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Term
second largest part of the human brain |
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Definition
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Term
lies under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum |
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Definition
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Term
gray matter composes the outer layer; white matter composes the bulk of the interior of the __________ |
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Definition
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Term
functions of the cerebellum |
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Definition
1. produce smooth coordinated movement 2. maintain equilibrium 3. sustain normal posture |
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Term
largest and uppermost part of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
groove (furrows) of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
part of the brain that plays an essential role in the production of normal movements |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
divides the brain into right and left hemispheres |
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Definition
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Term
where the right and left cerebral hemispheres are joined |
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Definition
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Term
4 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
1. frontal lobe 2. occipital lobe 3. parietal lobe 4. temporal lobe |
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Term
_______ are named for the ________ that lie over them |
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Definition
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Term
a thin layer of gray matter made up of neuron dendrites and cell bodies that compose the surface of the cerebrum |
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Definition
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Term
functions of the cerebrum |
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Definition
sensory perception, emotions, willed movements, consciousness, and memory |
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Term
without cerebral neurons, we would be ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
islands of gray matter located in the base of the cerebrum that are responsible for automatic movements and posture; also called basal nuclei/ganglia |
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Definition
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Term
a hemorrhage, or cessation of blood flow through cerebral blood vessels resulting in destruction of neurons; commonly called a stroke |
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Definition
cerebrovascular accident (cva) |
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Term
when the victim can no longer voluntarily move the parts of the body on the side opposite to the side on which the CVA has occured; the patient has had a ______ |
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Definition
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Term
if you are of average height, your spinal cord is about ___ or ____ inches long |
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Definition
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Term
lies inside the spinal column in the spinal cavity |
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Definition
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Term
the spinal cord extends from the _________ ______ to the bottom of the ____ _________ vertebra |
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Definition
occipital bone, 1st lumbar |
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Term
the hips (top of iliac crest) align with the _____ ________ vertebra |
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Definition
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Term
H-shaped core of the spinal cord is composed of ________ ________ |
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Definition
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Term
columns of _________ matter form the outer portion of the spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
the white columns of the spinal cord that provide two-way conduction paths to and from the brain |
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Definition
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Term
_________ tract carries information to the brain |
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Definition
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Term
___________ tract conducts impulses from the brain |
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Definition
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Term
_________ are functional organizations; meaning that all axons composing each one serve one general function |
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Definition
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Term
a chronic nervous disorder resulting from a deficiency of the neurtransmitter dopamine in the cerebral nuclei of the cerebrum |
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Definition
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Term
___________ is characterized by rigidity and trembling of the head and extremeties, a forward tilt of the trunk, and shuffling manner of walking |
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Definition
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Term
________ injection into the blood/pills are not effective treatments because they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier |
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Definition
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Term
____________ can cross the blood-brain barrier to treat parkinsons |
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Definition
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Term
_________ ___________ is the primary reflex center of the body |
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Definition
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Term
________ ____________ contains thousands of relex arcs, which transfer incoming sensory impulses to outgoing motor impulses, thereby making it possible for a reflex to occur |
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Definition
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Term
two common kinds of spinal cord reflexes |
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Definition
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Term
___________ __________ carries impulses to and from the brain |
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Definition
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Term
reflexes that result from conduction over arcs whose centers lie in the spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
spinal cord injury that produces a loss of sensation |
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Definition
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Term
spinal cord injury that results in the loss of the ability to make voluntary movements |
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Definition
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Term
__________ tissue is NOT a sturdy tissue |
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Definition
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Term
nervous tissue is covered by _________ for protection, which then are covered by bone; filled with fluid |
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Definition
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Term
three layers of spinal meninges |
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Definition
1. dura mater 2. pia mater 3. arachnoid mater |
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Term
literally "strong or hard mother"; outermost layer of the meninges; lines the vertebral canal |
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Definition
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Term
the vascular innermost meninge of the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
delicate; weblike middle membrane covering the brain; this meninge resembles a cobweb with fluid in its spaces |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
fluid that fills the subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord in the cerebral ventricles; formed continuously in the choroid plexus; one of the body's circulating fluids |
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Definition
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Term
small cavities; in the brain; filled with cerebrospinal fluid; irregular shapes |
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Definition
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Term
a network of brain capillaries that are involved with the production of cerebrospinal fluid; forms continually from blood, circulates, and is resorbed into the blood |
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Definition
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Term
abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid; "water on the brain" |
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Definition
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Term
treatment for hydrocephalus |
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Definition
involves a catheter to drain the excess cerebrospinal fluid to another location in the body |
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Term
____________ nervous system consists of the nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body |
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Definition
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Term
any f the 12 pairs of nerves that attach to the undersurface of the brain and conduct impulses between the brain and structures in the head, neck, and thorax (and abdomen) |
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Definition
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Term
nerve that connects the spinal cord to the peripheral structures such as skin, and skeletal muscles |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
sensations of the face, scalp, teeth, and chewing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
sense of taste, contraction of facial muscles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
sensation of throat, taste, swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
sensations of throat and larynx; heart rate; sensations of thoracic and abdominal organs |
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Term
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Definition
shoulder movements, turning head |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
On Old Olympus Tiny Tops, A Friendly Viking, Grew Vines And Hops
Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says, Bad Business, Marry Money |
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Definition
I Olfactory (Sensory) II Optic (Sensory) III Oculomotor (Motor) IV Trochlear (Motor) V Trigeminal (Both) VI Abducens (Motor) VII Facial (Both) VIII Vestibulocochlear (Sensory) IX Glossopharyngeal (Both) X Vagus (Both) XI Accessory (Motor) XII Hypoglossal (Motor) |
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Term
_____ pairs of spinal nerves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
______ sacrospinal nerves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
____________ nerves have NO special names |
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Definition
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Term
reorganization nerve fibers from several spinal nerves that form a single peripheral nerve; intersecting; "braided" branches |
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Definition
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Term
______ ________ conduct impulses between the spinal cord and parts of the body not supplied by the cranial nerves; involve motor and sensory neurons |
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Definition
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Term
_______ _________ make possible sensation and movement |
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Definition
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Term
"mapping" of the body; skin surface areas supplied by a single spinal nerve |
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Definition
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Term
autonomic nervous system conducts from the spinal cord and brainstem to these 3 kinds of tissues: |
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Definition
1. cardiac muscle tissue 2. smooth muscle tissue 3. glandular epithelial tissue |
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Term
_________ nervous system controls involuntary functions |
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Definition
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Term
________ nervous system consists of motor nerves that control voluntary actions of the skeletal muscles |
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Definition
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Term
two divisions of the autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
1. sympathetic nervous system 2. parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; functions as an emergency system; stress |
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Definition
sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to brain stem and sacral segments of spinal cord; controls many visceral effectors under normal conditions; peaceful |
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Definition
parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
_________ nervous system responses are usually wide-spread, involving many organs and not just one |
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Definition
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Term
functions as an emergency system |
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Definition
sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
junction boxes where autonomic neuron axons terminate |
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Definition
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Term
autonomic neuron that conducts nerve impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion |
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Definition
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Term
autonomic neuron that conducts nerve impulses from a ganglion to a cardiac or smooth muscle or glandular epithelial tissue |
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Definition
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Term
tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses |
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Definition
autonomic (visceral) effectors |
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Term
how does autonomic conduction occur? |
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Definition
1. impulse travels over pregangliotic neurons to the autonomic ganglia 2. then they are relayed across synapses to postgangliotic neurons |
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Term
difference between autonomic and somatic conduction |
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Definition
somatic conductions do not need to jump synapses |
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Term
the changes produced by increased sympathetic impulses allowing the body to deal with any type of stress |
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Definition
"fight or flight" response |
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Term
________________ nervous system frequently involves response by only one organ |
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Definition
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Term
dominates control of many visceral effectors under normal, every day conditions |
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Definition
parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
axons whose terminals release acetylcholine; includes the parasympathetic preganglionic axon, the sympathetic preganglionic axon, and the parasympathetic postganglionic axon. |
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Definition
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Term
the only neurotransmitter that releases norepinephrine; eaxon of the sympathetic postganglionic neuron |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
also called the craniosacral system |
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Definition
parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
short fibers that extend between the sympathetic ganglia that look like 2 chains of beads |
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Definition
sympathetic chain ganglia |
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Term
sometimes called the thoracolumbar system |
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Definition
sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
dendrites and cell bodies are located in the gray matter of the thoracic and lumbar segment of the spinal cord; leaves the cord through an anterior root of a spinal nerve and terminates in a collateral ganglion |
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Definition
sympathetic pregangliotic neurons |
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Term
dendrites and cell bodies are in sympathetic ganglia and axons travel to a variety of visceral effectors |
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Definition
sympathetic postgangliotic neurons |
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Term
left brained people are __________ |
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Definition
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Term
right brained people are _________ |
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Definition
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Term
right side of the body is controlled by the _________ side of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
the withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid from just below the 4th lumbar vertebra |
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Definition
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Term
unique viral infection that results in a painful eruption of red, swollen plaques or vesicles that eventually rupture and crust before clearing in 2 to 3 weeks |
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Definition
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