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Nervous System
Nervous System
36
Anatomy
Not Applicable
11/28/2005

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Term
Astrocytes
Definition
Support; Guide migration of young neurons; Attaches neuron to food source; Anchors neurons
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
Wraps CNS nerve fibers; Forms myelin sheaths in CNS
Term
Schwann Cells
Definition
Surrounds Fibers of PNS; Forms myelin sheaths in PNS
Term
Microglia Cells
Definition
Phagocytes involved in health
Term
Passive or Leakage Channels
Definition
Always open; Potassium always leaks out of cells
Term
Chemically Gated Channels
Definition
Needs the binding of something to open
Term
Voltage Gated Channels
Definition
Once open, everything that takes place depends on voltage (changes in membrane potential)
Term
Mechanically Gated Channels
Definition
Responds to mechanical stimulus (auditory system)
Term
What is the functional role of nervous system "signals"?
Definition
Communication for receiving, intergrating, and sending information
Term
What are graded potentials?
Definition
Short lived, local changes in membrane potential that can either be repolarizations or hyperpolarizations. Occurs around cell body and dendrites. Can lead to action potential.
Term
True or False: Action potentials are breief reversals of membrane potential; are the principle means of neural communication; and maintain their strength over distance
Definition
True
Term
What is the synapse?
Definition
A junctin that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the next or from a neuron to an effector cell
Term
WHat are IPSP's? How do they work?
Definition
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials induce hyperpolarization and inhibits action potential.
Term
What is presynaptic inhibition?
Definition
Occurs when the release of excitatory neurotransmitter by one neuron is inhibited by the activity of another neuron via axoacnonix synapnse.
Term
What are the major class of NT's in the CNS?
Definition
Amino Acids
Term
Which of the following is not a neurontransmitter?

a. NO
b. ATP
c. Dopamine
d. testosterone
Definition
d. testosterone
Term
Which of the following NT's are both excitatory and inhibitory depending on its receptor type?

a. ACh
b. ATP
c. Dopamine
d. Testosterone
Definition
A, B, and C (ACH, ATP, Dopamine)
Term
True or False: Acetylcholine is inhibitory to skeletal muscles and excitory to cardiac muscle.
Definition
False
Term
How is it that norepinephrine (NE) can inhibit smooth muscle action in airways, yet stimulate contractions in smooth muscle everywhere else in the body?
Definition
NE is both excitatory and inhibitory depending on the receptors.
Term
Define a direct receptor mechanism
Definition
NT's that open ion channels
Term
Define indirect receptor mechanism.
Definition
NT's that act trhough second messengers.
Term
What are the types of input processing that occur?
Definition
Serial Processing (input moving along a single pathway) & Parallel Processing (information on several pathways)
Term
Anterograede
Definition
Movement towar axon terminals
Term
Retrograde
Definition
Movement away from axon terminals.
Term
White Matter
Definition
White substance of the central nervous system; Myelinated nerve fibers
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
Greay area of the central nervous system; contains cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers of neurons
Term
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Definition
Nerve cell that carries impulses toward the central enrvous system; initiates nerve impulses following receptor stimulation
Term
Motor (efferent) neurons
Definition
Nerves that carry impulses leaving the brain and spinal cord, and destined for effectors
Term
Interneurons
Definition
Lie between motor and sensory neurons in neutral pathways and shuttle signals through CNS pathways where intergration occurs
Term
Postsnynaptic Membrane
Definition
The surface of the cell on the opposite side of the sunapse from the synaptic terminal of the stimulating neuron that contains receptor proteins and degradative enzymes for the NT's
Term
Synaptic Cleft
Definition
Fluid filled space at a synapse
Term
Serial Processing
Definition
One neuron stimulates the next, which stimulates the next, and so on, eventually causing a specific, anticipated response
Term
Parallel Processing
Definition
Inputs are segregated into many pathways, and information delivered by each pathway is dealt with simultaneously by different parts of the neural circuitry
Term
Presynaptic inhibition
Definition
Occurs when the release of excitory NT's by one neuron is inhibited by the activity of another neuron via axoaxonic synapse
Term
Neuromodulation
Definition
Occurs when a NT acts via slow changes in target cell metabolisim or when chemicals other than NT's modify neuronal activity
Term
Synaptic Potentiation
Definition
Repeated of continous use of a synapse which ehances the presynaptic neuron's ability to excite the postsynaptic neuron, producing larger than expected postynaptic potentials
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