Term
What are the 3 major functions of the nervous system?
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Definition
| Sensory input, integration, and motor output |
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Definition
| The nervous system uses its millions of sensory receptors to monitor changes occuring both inside and outside of the body |
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Definition
| The nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment. |
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Definition
| The nervous system causes a response by activating effector organs-the muscles and glands |
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Definition
| Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities such as the activation of the skeletal muscles |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia |
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Definition
| subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart and smooth muscle, and of glands; it is also called the involuntary nervous system |
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Definition
| a major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets incoming information and issues orders |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| a major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the CNS |
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Definition
| support, insulate, and protect cells |
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Definition
| demonstrate irritability and conductivity, and thus transmit electrical messages from one area of the body to another area |
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Definition
| release neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Definition
| able to divide; therefore are responsible for most brain neoplasms |
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Definition
| what part of a neuron releases neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| conducts electrical currents toward the cell body |
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Definition
| increases the speed of impulse transmission |
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Definition
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Definition
| generally conducts impulses away from the cell body |
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Term
| bare nerve endings and muscle spindles |
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Definition
| What receptor types would be activated by walking on hot pavement? |
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Term
| bare nerve endings and pacinian corpuscle |
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Definition
| What receptor types would be activated by feeling a pinch? |
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Term
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Definition
| What receptor type would be activated by leaning on a shovel? |
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Term
| golgi tendon organ and muscle spindles |
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Definition
| What receptor types would be activated by the muscle sensations when rowing a boat? |
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Definition
| what receptor type would be activated by feeling a caress? |
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Definition
| sensory receptors found in the skin, which are specialized to detect temperature, pressure changes, and pain |
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Definition
| specialized cells that myelinate the fibers of neurons found in the PNS |
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Definition
| junction or point of close contact between neurons |
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Definition
| bundle of nerve processes inside the CNS |
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Definition
| neuron, serving as part of the conduction pathway between sensory and motor neurons |
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Definition
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Definition
| collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS |
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Definition
| neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands |
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Definition
| sensory receptors found in muscle and tendons that detect their degree of strength |
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Definition
| changes, occuring within or outside the body, that affect nervous system functioning |
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Definition
| neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery |
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Definition
| chemicals released by neurons that stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glands |
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Term
| stimulus, receptor, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, effector organ |
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Definition
| the order of a reflex arc with minimum elements |
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Term
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Definition
| period of repolarization of the neuron during which it cannot respond to a second stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| state in which the resting potential is reversed as sodium ions rush into the neuron |
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Definition
| electrical condition of the plasma membrane of a resting neuron |
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Definition
| period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron |
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Definition
| transmission of the depolarization wave along the neuron's membrane |
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Definition
| the chief positive intracellular ion in a resting neuron |
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Definition
| process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron |
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Definition
| what type of reflex is a patellar reflex? |
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Definition
| what type of reflex is the pupillary light reflex? |
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Definition
| what type of reflex happens when the effectors are skeletal muscles? |
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Definition
| what type of reflex happens when the effectors are smooth muscle and glands? |
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Definition
| what type of reflex produces a flexor reflex? |
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Definition
| what type of reflex regulates blood pressure? |
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Definition
| what type of reflex is the salivary reflex? |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest pert of the human brain |
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Term
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Definition
| other major subdivisions of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the cavities found in the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| pons, medulla, and midbrain |
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Definition
| structures that are part of the brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| an elevated ridge of cerebral cortex tissue |
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Term
| neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers |
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Definition
| gray matter is composed of |
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Term
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Definition
| white matter is composed of this, which provides communication between different parts of the brain as well as with lower CNS centers |
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Term
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Definition
| the lentiform nucleus, the caudate, and other nuclei are known as |
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Term
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Definition
| site of regulation of water balance and body temperature in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| contains reflex centers involved in regulating respiratory rhythm in conjunction with lower brain-stem centers |
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Definition
| responsible for the regulation of posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements |
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Term
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Definition
| important relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation |
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Definition
| contains autonomic centers, which regulate blood pressure and respiratory rhythm, as well as coughing and sneezing centers |
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Term
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Definition
| large fiber tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
| connects the third and fourth ventricles |
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Definition
| encloses the third ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| forms the cerebrospinal fluid |
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Definition
| midbrain area that is largely fiber tracts; bulges anteriorly |
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Definition
| part of the limbic system; contains centers for many drives (rage, pleasure, hunger, sex, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| what kind of gray matter is in the cortex of cerebellum? |
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Term
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Definition
| what sort of matter is in the basal nuclei? |
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Term
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Definition
| what sort of matter is in the anterior commisure? |
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Term
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Definition
| what sort of matter is in the corpus callosum? |
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Term
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Definition
| what sort of matter is in the pyramids? |
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Term
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Definition
| what kind of matter is in the thalamic nuclei? |
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Term
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Definition
| what sort of matter is in the cerebellar peduncle? |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral hemisphere is found in the |
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Term
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Definition
| cortical areas involved in audition are found in the |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary motor area in the ____ and is involved in the initiation of voluntary movements |
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Term
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Definition
| the specialzed motor speech area is located at the base of the precentral gyrus in an area called |
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Term
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Definition
| the right cerebral hemisphere receives sensory input from the ____ side of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary motor cortex is located in the _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| centers for control of repetitious or stereotyped motor skills are found in the |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest parts of the motor humunculi are the lips, tongue, and _______ |
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Term
| general interpretation area |
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Definition
| sensations such as touch and pain are integrated in the _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary visual cortex is in the _____ of each cerebral hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| in most humans, the area that controls the comprehension of language is located in the ____ cerebral hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| a ____ EEG is evidence of clinical death. |
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Term
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Definition
| beta waves are recorded when an individual is awake and ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost covering of the brain, composed of tough fibrous connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost covering of the brain; delicate and vascular |
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Term
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Definition
| structures that return cerebrospinal fluid to the venous blood in the dural sinuses |
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Term
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Definition
| middle meningeal layer; like a cobweb in structure |
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Term
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Definition
| its outer layer forms the periosteum of the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| capillary knots that form cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| choroid plexuses hang from _____ of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebrospinal fluid flows from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle and then through the ____________ to the fourth ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| some cerebrospinal fluid continues down the _____ of the spinal cord |
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Term
| subarachnoid space, fourth ventricle |
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Definition
| nost of cerebrospinal fluid circulates into the _____ by passing through 3 tiny openings in the walls of the _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which cerebrospinal fluid drainage is blocked and results in increased pressure on the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| slight and transient brain injury |
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Term
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Definition
| traumatic injury that destroys brain tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| total nonresponsiveness to stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| may cause medulla oblongata to be wedged into foramen magnum by pressure of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| after head injury, retention of water by brain |
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Term
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Definition
| results when a brain region is deprived of blood or exposed to prolonged ischemia |
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Term
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Definition
| progressive degeneration of the brain with abnormal protein deposits |
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune disorder with extensive demyelination |
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Term
| transient ischemic attack |
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Definition
| a ministroke; fleeting symptoms of a CVA |
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Term
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Definition
| The spinal cord extends from the _____ of the skull to the _____ region of the vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
| the meninges which cover the spinal cord extend more inferiorly to form a sac from which cerebrospinal fluid can be withdrawn without damage to the spinal cord. this procedure is called a _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| __ pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| how many pairs of spinal nerves extend from the cervical part of the vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
| how many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there? |
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Term
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Definition
| how many pairs of lumbar and sacral nerves are there? |
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Term
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Definition
| the tail-like collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron type found in the dorsal horn |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron type found in the ventral horn |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron type in a dorsal root ganglion |
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Term
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Definition
| fiber type found in the ventral root |
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Term
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Definition
| fiber type found in the dorsal root |
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Term
| both afferent and efferent |
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Definition
| fiber type in a spinal nerve |
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Term
| both afferent and efferent |
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Definition
| fiber type in the anterior ramus |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to this fiber type would lead to a loss of sensory function |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to this fiber type results in a loss of motor function |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for a bundle of nerve fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| nerves carrying both sensory and motor fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| nerves carrying just sensory fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| nerves carrying just motor fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| which cranial nerve helps shrug the shoulders? |
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Term
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Definition
| which cranial nerve helps in smelling a flower? |
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Term
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Definition
| which cranial nerve helps with raising the eyelids and focusing the lens of the eye for accomadation and constricts the eye pupils? |
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Term
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Definition
| which cranial nerve slows the heart and increases the mobility of the digestive tract? |
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Term
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Definition
| which cranial nerve is involved in smiling? |
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Term
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Definition
| which cranial nerve is involved in chewing gum? |
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Term
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Definition
| which cranial nerve is involved in listening to music and seasickness? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which cranial nerve is involved in secretion of the saliva and tasting well-seasoned food? |
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Term
| Oculomotor III, trochlear IV, and Abducens VI |
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Definition
| what three cranial nerves are involved in rolling the eyes? |
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Term
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Definition
| which cranial nerve is involved in feeling a toothache? |
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Term
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Definition
| which cranial nerve is involved in reading? |
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Term
| olfactory I, optic II, facial VII |
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Definition
| which cranial nerves are purely sensory? |
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Term
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Definition
| which nerves serve the neck and shoulders? |
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Term
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Definition
| which nerves serve the abdominal wall |
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Term
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Definition
| which nerve serves the anterior thigh? |
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Term
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Definition
| which nerve serves the diaphragm? |
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Term
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Definition
| which nerve serves the posterior thigh? |
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Term
| fibular and tibular nerves |
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Definition
| which nerves serve the leg and foot? |
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Term
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Definition
| which division of the autonomic system is involved with postganglionic axons secreting norepinephrine and adrenergic fibers? |
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Term
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Definition
| which division of the autonomic system is involved with postganglionic axons secreting acetylcholine and cholinergic fibers? |
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Term
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Definition
| which division of the autonomic system has a long preganglionic axon and a short postganglionic axon? |
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Term
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Definition
| which division of the autonomic system has short preganglionic axon and long postganglionic axon? |
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Term
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Definition
| which division of the autonomic system arises from cranial and sacral nerves? |
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Term
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Definition
| which division of the autonomic system arises from spinal nervers T1 to L3? |
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Term
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Definition
| which division of the autonomic system is normally in control? |
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Definition
| which division of the autonomic system is the fight-or-flight system? |
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Definition
| which division of the autonomic system has more specific control? |
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Definition
| which division of the autonomic system causes dry mouth and dilates bronchioles? |
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Term
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Definition
| which division of the autonomic system constricts the eye pupils and decreases heart rate? |
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Term
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Definition
| what kind of neurons are found in the head and are always part of an afferent pathway? |
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Term
| arrector pili muscle cell |
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Definition
| which skin cells would form a junction with a motor neuron? |
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Term
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Definition
| a synapse between an axon terminal and a neuron cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| the pineal gland is located in the ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| when neurons in wernicke's area send impulses to neurons in broca's area, what are the white matter tracts that are utilized? |
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Term
| regulation of the heart and respiration and visceral motor function |
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Definition
| functions that are at least partially overseen by the medulla |
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Term
| ependymal cilia, ventricular choroid plexuses, and arachnoid villi |
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Definition
| which srutctures are directly involved with formation, circulation, and drainage of CSF? |
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Term
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Definition
| in an earthquake, which type of sensory receptor is most likely to sound the first alarm? |
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Term
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Definition
| which nerve stimulates muscles that flex the forearm? |
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Term
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Definition
| an ability to extend the leg would result from a loss of function of which nerve? |
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Term
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Definition
| which division of the autonomic system has some fibers that utilize gray rami communicantes? |
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Term
| both sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Definition
| which division of the autonomic system has splanchnic nerves? |
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Term
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Definition
| oil-secreting glands that help lubricate the eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the mucosa lining the eyelids and covering the anterior part of the eyeball |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles attached to the eys that allow us to direct our eyes toward a moving object |
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Term
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Definition
| protects the anterior aspect of the eye and has eyelashes protecting the edges |
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Term
| lacrimal canals, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, then nasal cavity |
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Definition
| the pathway that the secretion of the lacrimal glands take from the suface of the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| which movement of the eye does the superior rectus mucle cause? |
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Term
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Definition
| which movement of the eye does the inferior rectus cause? |
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Term
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Definition
| which movement of the eye does the superior oblique muscle cause? |
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Term
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Definition
| which movement of the eye does the lateral rectus muscle cause? |
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Term
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Definition
| which movement of the eye does the medial rectus muscle cause? |
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Term
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Definition
| which movement of the eye does the inferior oblique muscle cause? |
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Term
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Definition
| what does the conjunctiva secrete? |
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Term
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Definition
| what does the tarsal glands secrete? |
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Term
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Definition
| what accessory eye structure secretes saltwater and lysozymes and has antibacterial properties? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ability to focus for close vision |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inability to focus well on close objects; farsightedness |
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Term
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Definition
| reflex constriction of pupils when they are exposed to bright light |
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Term
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Definition
| clouding of the lens, resulting in loss of sight |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blurred vision, resulting from unequal curvatures of the lens or cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of increasing pressure inside the eye, resulting from blocked drainage of aqueous humor |
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Term
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Definition
| medial movement of the eyes during focusing on close objects |
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Term
| accommodation pupillary reflex |
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Definition
| reflex constriction of the pupils when viewing close objects |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to see well in the dark; often a result of vitamin a deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| a lens that produces an image that is upside down and reversed from left to right |
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Term
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Definition
| an image caused by a convex lens |
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Term
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Definition
| what way is the light focused on the retina in farsightedness? |
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Term
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Definition
| what type of lens is used to treat farsightedness? |
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Term
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Definition
| in what way is the light focused toward the retina in nearsightedness? |
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Term
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Definition
| what type of lens is used to treat nearsightedness? |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches the lens to the ciliary body |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid in the anterior segment that provides nutrients to the lens and cornea |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| area of retina that lacks photoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| contains muscle that controls the shape of the lens |
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Term
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Definition
| nutritive layer of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| drains the aqueous humor of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| layer containing the rods and cones |
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Term
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Definition
| gel-like substance that helps to reinforce the eyeball |
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Term
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Definition
| heavily pigmentes layer that prevents light scattering within the eye |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| area of acute or discriminatory vision |
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Term
| aqueous humor, cornea, lens, and vitreous humor |
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Definition
| refractory media of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| most anterior part of the sclera |
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Term
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Definition
| pigmented diaphragm of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| during distant vision the ciliary muscle is ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| during distant vision lens convexity is _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| during distant vision the degree of light refraction is _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| during close vision the ciliary muscle is ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| during close vision lens convexity is ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| during close vision the degree of light refraction is _____ |
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Term
| retina, optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, synapse in thalamus, optic radiation, then optic cortex |
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Definition
| the sequence of the visual pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| how many varieties of cones are there? |
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Term
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Definition
| black and white vision is a function of ____ |
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Term
| externam acoustic meatus, pinna, tympanic membrane |
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Definition
| structures composing the outer ear |
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Term
| vestibule, cochlea, semicircular canals |
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Definition
| structures composing the bony or osseous labyrinth |
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Term
| anvil (incus), hammer (malleus), stirrup (stapes) |
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Definition
| collectively called the ossicles |
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Term
| semicircular canals, vestibule |
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Definition
| ear structures not involved with hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| allows pressure in the middle ear to be equalized with the atmospheric pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| vibrates as sound waves hit it; transmits the vibrations to the ossicles |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the organ of corti |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear |
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Term
| semicircular canals and vestibule |
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Definition
| contain receptors for the sense of equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| transmits the vibrations from the stirrup to the fluid in the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid that bathes the sensory receptors of the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid contained within the osseous labyrinth, which bathes the membranous labyrinth |
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Term
| eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval window, perilymph, membrane, endolymph, then hair cells |
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Definition
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