An inability to recognize and/or identify persons or objects.

Can be limited to one sensory modality (visual or auditory)

Patients are aided by presenting information in alternate modalities

Faces are unrecognized

Bilateral lesions of the gray and white matter of the occipitotemporal gyrus cause prosopagnosia. In particular, the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, a pathway that interconnects the occipital and temporal lobes, has been suggested as the lesioned area in prosopagnosia.

Confusion - loss of ability to sustain uninterrupted thought.

Confusion -> Stupor -> Obtundation -> Coma

this represetns the continuum

Delirium - medical term to describe the confusional state

Coma - severe loss of alertness and medical emergency

Anterograde - forward memory (no new memories)

Retrograde - reverse memory (no old memories)

Causes: Depression, Nutrional, adverse drug rxns, cardiovascular problems, trauma, space occupying lesions, normal- pressure hydrocephalus (responsive to shunting and probably cranial), Parkinson's, endocrine disorder (hyperparathyroidism), hypothyroidism, 

Treatment: Visualization exercises, repetition, relaxation techniques

is a symptom - NOT a disease.

• Stroke, 
• Head injury
• Dementia,
• Mass expanding lession
• Abscess

abnormal asymmetry in the fetal skull

resultant from craniosynostosis (aberrent closure of the sutures) or to deformational forces (compromising positions in utero or in crib/nursery)

communicating (subarachnoid hemorrhage, chiari malformation, cerebral atrophy) and non-communicating

50% idiopathic