Term
True or false?
The hypothalamus is found behind the eyes, directly below the brain's thalamus and below the pituitary gland. |
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Definition
False
The hypothalamus is found behind the eyes, directly below the brain's thalamus and above the pituitary gland |
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Term
True or false?
The hypothalamus directs the "fight or flight" response of the ANS. |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones released by the pituitary gland are controlled by the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
> oxytocin: uterine contraction with childbirth and breastfeeding
*can be secreted from a baby's cry*
> vasopressin: kidney water re-absorption
> anti-diuretic hormone |
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Term
| What does the hypothalamus send if it senses that blood concentration has increased? |
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Definition
↑ blood concentration = hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to produce more vasopressin
*blood concentration too dilute = hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release less vasopressin* |
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Term
Complete the sentence
The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of ... rhythms in the body |
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Definition
| The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms in the body |
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Term
| Which hormone, controlled by the circadian rhythm, rise in the morning just before waking to increase blood glucose leve (counterbalances the potentially harmful effects of not eating/drinking while asleep overnight)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Skeletal mm an aka for... |
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Definition
| skeletal mm aka extrafusal fibres |
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Term
True or false?
The ANS is voluntary |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| SNS = skeletal mm/extrafusal fibres |
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Term
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Definition
| ANS = cardiac + smooth mm glands |
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Term
| Which reflexes may involve ANS & SNS components? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the motor pathway of the SNS |
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Definition
| SNS: 1 LMN/extrafusal fibre/skeletal mm from CNS synapse with skeletal m |
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Term
| Describe the motor pathway for the ANS |
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Definition
ANS: 2 motor neurons in series
*pre ganglionic fibre*
*post ganglionic fibre* |
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Term
| "resting and digesting" refers to which NS? |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic Nervous system |
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Term
| "fight or flight" refers to which NS? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
True or false?
The SYNS also involves overall homeostatis to maintain the fundamental vital activities of an organism |
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Definition
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Term
| Basal level can also be known as... |
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Definition
sympathetic tone
*SYNS always active and becomes more active during stressful times* |
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Term
| What happens to the adrenal medulla in Sympathetic function? In parasympathetic function? |
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Definition
Adrenal medulla
Sympathetic: secrete epinephrine/adrenaline and norepinephrine/noradrenaline
Parasympathetic: no effect known |
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Term
| What happens to the sudoriferous gland in sympathetic and parasympathetic functions? |
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Definition
Sudoriferous glands
Sympathetic: increase sweating (sudomotor)
Parasympathetic: no effect |
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Term
| What happens to the liver in sympathetic/parasympathetic functions? |
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Definition
Liver
Sympathetic: glycogenolysis (fuel breakdown); decreased bile secretion (no need to digest)
Parasympathetic: glycogen synthesis; increased bile secretion (digesting) |
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Term
| What happens to the Iris during SYNS/PANS response? |
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Definition
Iris
SYNS: pupils dilate
PANS: pupils constrict |
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Term
| What happens to the bronchial smooth m in SYNS/PANS response? |
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Definition
Bronchial smooth m
SYNS: airway dilates/relaxe (bigger airway)
PANS: airway constrict/contract (smaller airway as no need for fight or flight) |
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Term
| What happens so the stomach and intestines during SYNS/PANS response? |
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Definition
Stomach and intestines
SYNS: decreased motility/tone, contraction of sphincters
PANS: increased motility/tone, relaxation of sphincters |
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Term
| What occurs in the spleen during SYNS/PANS response? |
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Definition
Spleen
SYNS: discharge of stored blood into general circulation (for more O2)
PANS: no effect |
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Term
| What occurs in the urinary bladder during SYNS/PANS response? |
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Definition
Urinary bladder
SYNS: relaxation of muscular wall, contraction of sphincter
PANS: contraction of muscle wall, relaxation of sphincter (allow to pee) |
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Term
| What occurs in sex organs during SYNS/PANS response? |
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Definition
Sex organs
SYNS: ejaculation
PANS: erection |
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Term
| What occurs in errector pili muscle during SYNS/PANS response? |
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Definition
Errector pili m
SYNS: contraction/ erection of hair
PANS: no effect |
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Term
| What regulates body temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasympathetic cells are part of which division? |
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Definition
Craniosacral division
*parasympathetic cells are in different nuclei throughout the brain stem and few nuclei in the sacral region of the SC*
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Term
| What part of the ganglia do these axons parasympathetic cell travel? |
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Definition
Synapse in ganglia called terminal ganglia
*all ganglia close to PANS* |
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Term
| Which cranial nerve stimulate salivary glands? |
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Definition
CN7/CNVII - facial
and
CN9/CNIX - glossopharyngeal
both stimulate salivary glands |
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Term
| Where does the sacral portion originate? |
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Definition
| Sacral portion original from lateral horn of S2-S4 segments of the SC |
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Term
| What do you call nerves leaving the sacral portion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Every preganglionic sympathetic neuron originate at the same level. What level is that? |
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Definition
Always in the CNS within:
> lateral horn/intermediolateral horn at SC level T1-L2
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Term
| The sympathetic division is also known as... |
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Definition
| Sympathetic division aka thoracolumbar division of the ANS |
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Term
| Where are postganglionic neurons located? |
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Definition
Postganglionic neuron always in the PNS and located in the paravertebral ganglia/sympathetic trunk/prevertebral ganglia/preaortic ganglia
*pairs of chains of ganglia connected by nerve fibers*
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Term
| What ganglion is located at level of C7? |
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Definition
Stellate ganglion
> inferior cervical ganglion
> at level of C7 |
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Term
| Where are prevertebral ganglia located? |
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Definition
Prevertebral/pre-aortic ganglia located anterior to the vertebral column; cemented on the anterior aorta
> celiac/solar plexus
> superior mesenteric ganglion
> inferior mesenteric ganglion |
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Term
| Where are norepinephrin/epinephrin hormones destroyed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which fibres release norepinephrine? |
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Definition
Adrenergic/adrenaline fibres: release norepinephrine
*in SYNS*
*post-ganglionic neurotransmitter* |
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Term
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Definition
Cholinergic fibres: release Ach
*in PANS*
*pre-ganglionic neurotransmitter* |
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Term
| What type of ganglia is in the SYNS? |
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Definition
SYNS
> paravertebral ganglia/ sympathetic trunk
> on both sides of the vertebral column
> pre-vertebral ganglia
> anterior to vertebral column (3 ganglia)
*involves synapses* |
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Term
| What ganglia is contained in the PANS? |
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Definition
PANS
> terminal ganglia
> near or inside visceral effectors |
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