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Neurology
Exam Review
128
Anatomy
Graduate
01/28/2013

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Term
aplasia
Definition
decrease in cell number
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
increase in cell number
Term
atrophy
Definition
decrease in cell size
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
increase in cell size
Term
what do neural crest cells make
Definition
sensory and autonimic ganglion, schwann cells, arachnoid and pia mater, melanocytes, adrenal medulla, cartilages of the pharyngeal arches
Term
what is the name of the disease for a brain herniation
Definition
annencephaly
Term
what are the original three lobes of the brain
Definition
proencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
Term
what makes the thalamus and hypothalamus
Definition
diencephalon
Term
what makes the cerebral hemispheres
Definition
telencephalon
Term
what does the rhombencephalon divide into
Definition
myelencephalon and metencephalon
Term
schizencephaly
Definition
unilateral or bilateral clefts in hemispheres. open communication beterrn ventricle subarachnoid space
Term
what part of a neuron is efferent
Definition
axon
Term
what does anterograde axonal transport use to transport sruff
Definition
microtubules and kinesin
Term
what does retrograde axonal transport use to transport stuff
Definition
microtubules and dyenin
Term
what is the function of retrograde axonal transport
Definition
endocytosis of toxins, viruses, markers
Term
when are bipolar neurons used
Definition
in retina, olfactory, ganglia of vestibulococlar nerve
Term
flacid
Definition
injury to the lower motor nerves
Term
spacitity
Definition
injury to the upper motor nerves
Term
what does polio cause
Definition
spacitity
Term
what are the types of ependymal cells
Definition
ependymocytes, tanycytes, choridal
Term
tanycytes
Definition
ependymal cell. mostly on 3rd ventricle floor, many control anterior pituitary. respond to csf hormones
Term
choridal cells
Definition
ependymal cell. on surface of choroid plexus, make csf
Term
what are the types of astrocytes, where are they located
Definition
protoplasmic (gray matter), fibrous (white matter)
Term
what is the function of astrocytes
Definition
control electrolites and pH of CNS, remove neurotransmitters, secrete growth factors, form CNS scars
Term
what is the oligodendrocyte and schwann cell to axon ratios
Definition
1 oligodendrocyte : many axons
1 schwann cell : 1 axon
Term
what is the function of the spinocerebellar tract
Definition
proprioceptive, tactile info to the cerebellum, posture, movement
Term
what is the function of the spinothalamic tract
Definition
pain, temperature, non-descrimitive touch, tactile information from the neck down, conciousness
Term
what is another name for lassaure's tracct
Definition
posterior lateral tract, dorsal facilatus
Term
where is the spinal cord a month 6 of gestation
Definition
bottom of S1
Term
where is the spinal cord at birth
Definition
L3
Term
where does the dura mater terminate
Definition
S2, fuses with epinerium of spinal roots
Term
where do you do a lumbar puncture
Definition
L3/2 or L4/5
Term
what is another name for the nucleus dorsalis, where is it located
Definition
thoracic nucleus, nucleus of clarke. C8-L3
Term
what tract is associated with the nucleus of clarke
Definition
spinocerebellar
Term
where is the intermediolateral nucleus of the intermediate zone, what is in it
Definition
T1-L2. preganglionic sympathetic neurons
Term
what type of nucleus is the phrenic nucleus
Definition
motor
Term
where is the scaral parasympathetic nucleus
Definition
S2-4
Term
where are the propriospinal (intersegmental) fibers located
Definition
between spinal cord segments in the faciculus proprius
Term
where is the cervical and lumbar enlargement
Definition
C5-T1, L1-S3
Term
what does the anterior ramus supply
Definition
skin and muscle of limbs, anterior lateral trunk, superificial back muscles
Term
what is deeper a sulcus or a fissure
Definition
fissure
Term
what are the parts of the inferior olivary nucleus
Definition
primary olivary nucleus (PO), medial accessory olivary nucleus (MAO), dorsal accessory olivary nucleus (DAO)
Term
what are in the tegmentum of the pons
Definition
CN V-VIII nuclei, reticular formation, ascending sensory tract
Term
what travels through the middle cerebellar peduncle
Definition
brachium: pontocerebellar and superificial transverse pontine fibers
Term
what is in the base of the pons
Definition
corticobulbar, corticospinal, corticopontine, pontine nuclei, trigeminal nerve, vestibular nuclei
Term
what is the nuclei in the sulcus limitans of the 4th ventricle floor, what is the area the nuclei is in called
Definition
substantia frruginea: nucleus cruleus
Term
what dose the sulcus limitans divide in development and in adulthood
Definition
development: sensory / alar and ventral motor / basal plates
adult: dorsal sensory and ventral motor
Term
what is the dorsal and ventral part of the midbrain called
Definition
dorsal: tectum, ventral: tegmentum
Term
what happens when you have a lesion in the paramedial reticular formation, where is the lesion location in the brainstem
Definition
midbrain. coma
Term
what fibers come out of the arcuate nucleus, where is it located
Definition
level of the olives. anterior external arcuate that go to the cerebellum
Term
what nuclei does the MLF dabble in
Definition
vestibular, 3, 4, 6, cochlear
Term
what fibers does the pontine nucleus send and recieve
Definition
recieve corticopontine, sends transverse fibers to the middle peduncle
Term
where do the superior cerebellar peduncles desscuate
Definition
tegmentum at level of inferior colliculus
Term
what is the pretectal nucleus connected with, what type of nuclei, what reflex
Definition
edinger westphal, parasympathetic, afferent light reflex
Term
tell where corticospinal fibers desscuate
Definition
axial: anterior: at the anterior white comissure
limbs: lateral: at the desscuation of the pyramid
Term
what nuclei is tectospinal between
Definition
cervical rex laminae C6-8 and superior colliculus
Term
what nuclei is lateral laminiscus between
Definition
cochlear and inferior colliculus
Term
where is the spinal trigeminal, primary sensory, and mesencephalic nuclei located
Definition
decussation of pyramids to mid pons, central pons, pons to posterior comissure
Term
where is the solitary nucleus located
Definition
medulla
Term
where is the vestibular nucleus located
Definition
medulla and lower pons
Term
where is the cochlear nucleus located
Definition
upper medulla
Term
what tracts and nuclei does the pica supply
Definition
medial and inferior vestibular nuclei, nucleus ambigous, 9, 10, ALS, spinal trigeminal
Term
what supplies blood to the choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle
Definition
pica
Term
what tracts and nuclei does the basilar supply
Definition
facial, spinal trigeminal, vestibular nuclei, cochlear nuclei, vestibulocochlear nerve, AlS, inferior and medial peduncles, hypothalamal spinal tract
Term
what tracts and nuclei does the superior cerebellar supply
Definition
dentate nucleus, rostral and lateral pons, superior peduncle, spinothalamic tract
Term
what is the relation of vessels to the origin of cn 3
Definition
superior cerebellar is just inferior and posterior cerebellar just anterior or above
Term
medial medullary syndrome: vessel(s), crainial nerve(s) affected, symptoms
Definition
anterior spinal A, hypoglossal nerve, ipsilateral flacid paralysis of the tounge
Term
lateral medullary (wallenburg) syndrome: vessel(s), crainial nerve(s) affected, symptoms
Definition
vertebral A or PICA, nucleus ambigous and glossopharyngeal, larynx pharynx paralysis hoarsness, loss of gag reflex
Term
what is a syrinx
Definition
cyst in spinal cord or lower brainstem what causes some cases of syringobulbia
Term
medial inferior pontine syndrome: vessel(s), crainial nerve(s) affected, symptoms
Definition
paramedial branches of basiler nerve, abducens, ipsillateral paralysis of lateral rectus
Term
lateral inferior pontne syndrome: vessel(s), crainial nerve(s) affected, symptoms
Definition
basilar or AICA
facial, vestibulocochlear
muscles of facial expression bad, loss of taste anterior 2/3 of tounge, unilateral deafness, nausea, vomitting, vertigo
Term
lateral midpondine syndrome: vessel(s), crainial nerve(s) affected, symptoms
Definition
short circumfrential branches of basilar
trigeminar motor and principal sensory nuclei and nerve
no muscles of mastication, pain temp touch to face
Term
lateral superior pontine syndrome: vessel(s), crainial nerve(s) affected, symptoms
Definition
long circumfrential basilar and superior cerebellar
superior and middle peduncles, dentate nucleus
limb and trunk dystaxia, tremor
Term
dorsal midazbrain syndrome: cause, symptomes
Definition
pinealoma puts pressure on superior colliculus and pretectal area and cerebral aquduct.
paralysis of up and down gaze, pupil issues, no convergence
Term
paramedial midbrain benedikt syndrome: cause, areas affected, symptomes
Definition
hemmorage of paramedial midbrain branches of posterior cerebral A.
oculomotor n, red nucleus, medial laminiscus affected
ipsilateral paralysis and dilated pupil, dystaxia, tremor, contralateral discrimitive touch messed up
Term
medial midbrain webber syndrome: cause, areas affeted, symptoms
Definition
occlusion midbrain posterior cerebral A and circle of willis.
oculomotor, corticobulbar, corticospinal
weakness lower face tounge palate. contralateral paralysis, dilated pupil and eye paralysis
Term
what diseases cause horner syndrome. symptoms
Definition
lateral medullary (wallenburg), lateral inferior pontine.
vasodilation, drooping of eyelids, meiosis
Term
how are the lobes of the cerebellum further subdivided
Definition
lobes are divided into lobules which have fulia
Term
whare are the nuclei sprinkled within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres called
Definition
telencephalic nuclei (basal nuclei or basal ganglia)
Term
what is the function of the precentral and post central gyri
Definition
precentral: primary motor cortex
postcentral: somatosensory cortex
Term
what are the gyri in the lower parietal lobe
Definition
supramarginal and angular
Term
what are the ramus of the lateral sulcus
Definition
anterior and ascending
Term
what are the parts of the corpus collosum
Definition
splendum, trunk, genu, rostrum
Term
what is the area beneath the fornix called
Definition
septum pellucidum then hypothalamus
Term
begining with the paracentral sulcus going to the occipital lobe name the fissures and gyri in rder
Definition
paracentral sulcus, paracentral lobule, marginal sulcus, para-occipital sulcus, cuneus, calocrine sulcus, lingual gyrus, collateral sulcus
Term
what are the parts of the limbic lobe
Definition
subcostal area, cingulate gyris, ischmus of cingulate gyrus, parahippocampus, uncus
Term
what is another name for the inferior frontal gyri, what is the function
Definition
brochars area. where motor speech is located, making movement to speak
Term
what is the function of the parietal lobe
Definition
sensory integration, somatosensory cortex, understanding speech interpertation
Term
what are the gyri on the superior surface of the temporal lobe, what is their function
Definition
transverse temporal, auditory cortex
Term
what is the laminae terimalis, where is it
Definition
continous with rostrum on anterior wall of 3rd ventricle. most rostral end of the neural tube now part of the forebrain
Term
what is the anterior comissure, where is it
Definition
connects anterior column to fornix, commonucation between lower temporal lobes and olfactory bulbs
Term
how does the olfactory tract terminate
Definition
divides into medial and lateral olfactory sitriae
Term
what is the function of the reticular nucleus
Definition
modulates thalamic neurons to cerebral input. inhibitory via GABA
Term
what is the function of the parafollicular nuclei, where is it
Definition
sight, medial thalamus of dorsal thalamus
Term
explain the layers of the thalamus
Definition
external medullary laminae lateral and stratum zonale posterior.
reticular nucleus seperates internal and external medullary laminae.
internal medullary laminae divides dorsal thalamus into 4 areas.
Term
what fibers does the pulvinar nucleus recieve and give out
Definition
recieves superior colliculus, sends fibers to the visual association center in the lobes
Term
what is the function of the pulvinar nucleus, where is it located
Definition
coordinate, interpert, and respond to eye movement. lateral thalamic part of dorsal thalamus
Term
what areas are affected in fatal familial insomnia
Definition
mediodorsal, anterior ventral, inferior olivary, cortex
Term
what causes thalamic pain
Definition
lesion in ventral posterior thalamus
Term
what are the symptoms of thalamic pain
Definition
prioproception, sensation, touch, pain, temp, impaired contralaterally (opposite sides of lesion)
Term
what are the functions of the hypothalamus
Definition
visceromotor, viscerosensory, endocrine, ANS modulation. blood and hormone regulation, make oxytocin and ADH.
Term
what is the function of the lateral hypothalamic zone
Definition
cardiovascular, food and water regulation
Term
what is the function of the medial hypothalamic zone
Definition
chiasmatic: hormone, heart, carcadian rythm, temp regulation
tuberal: food and water intake
mamillary: bp, dilate pupil, shivering, feeding reflexes, memory formation
Term
what are the parts of the ventral thalamus and function
Definition
subthalamic nuclei recieves motor and sends it to substantia niagra.
prerubral or H of forel
zona inserta
Term
what causes hemiballismus
Definition
subthalamic nuclei lesion
Term
what fibers does the habenular nuclei recieve and send out
Definition
recieves stria medullaris thalami from the frontal lobe and sends habenulointerpeduncular tract to the interpeduncular nuclei in the midbrain
Term
what is the location and function of the habenular nuclei
Definition
epithalamus. mood, drive, cognition, maternal behavior, stress, pain, carcadian, reward, learning, interacts with steroidgenic and dopognenic systems
Term
what is the branch off of A1 / A2, what is its function
Definition
medial striate.
enters brain via perforating substance and supplies caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen
Term
what is the small branch off of the common carotid (not part of willis), what does it supply
Definition
anterior chordal
inferior horn lateral ventricle, uncus, hippocampus, amygdala, tail of caudate, globus pallidus, inferior internal capsule, optic tract
Term
what supplies blod to the 3rd and lateral ventricles
Definition
posterior cerebral a
Term
what supplies blood to the choroid plexus and 4th ventricle
Definition
aica and pica
Term
anteriomedial arteries: location, what do they supply
Definition
anterior communicating and most of A1
supraoptic hypothalamus
Term
anterolateral arteries: location, what do they supply
Definition
a little of A1 and middle cerebral
enter brain via perforating substance
caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, internal capsule
Term
posteromedial arteries: location, what do they supply
Definition
posterior communicating and P1
enter brain via perforating substance
tuberal, mammary, hypothalamus, subthalamus, medial midbrain, tegmentum, cerebral crus
Term
posterolateral arteries: location, what do they supply
Definition
P2
posterior thalamus: geniculates, lateral and 3rd ventricles
midbrain
Term
what does the anterior spinal artery supply
Definition
lateral and anterior funiculus, anterior intermediate and base of posterior horn
Term
what does the posterior spinal artery supply
Definition
posterior funiculus, posterior horn except base
Term
what connects the anterior and posterior spinal arteries
Definition
arterial vascorona plexus
Term
where and what is the function of the a of adamkiewicz
Definition
largest spinal a, mostly on left in lower thoracic and upper lumbar. supplies spina cord
Term
where is the basilar venous plexus, what does it connect to
Definition
in dura mater of cilvus joining inferior petrosal sinuses to the vertebral venous plexus in vertebral canal
Term
what runs through the cavernous sinus
Definition
internal carotid and abducens.
CN 3, 4, 6, and V2 on lateral wall
Term
where is the internal vertebral vein located, how does it connect to the segmental vein, what areas are there to the segmental vein
Definition
intervertebral vein is located in epidural space goes through intervertebral foramina to the segmental vein which has vertebral, posterior intercostal, lumbar and lateral sacral parts
Term
where are the superificial and deep middle cerebral veins located? what do they drain?
Definition
superificial: lateral sulcus, empties into cavernous or sphenoparietal sinus. connected to superior saggital and transverse sinuses via superior and inferior anastomotic veins
deep: deep lateral sulcus
joins anerior cerebral to make basal vein
Term
starting at the straight sinus explain the branches to the dead end
Definition
straight sinus turns into great cerebral vein of galen which terminally divides into internal cerebral veins. basal is a branch off of great cerebral that terminally divides into deep middle cerebral and anterior cerebral
Term
what oes the basal vein drain
Definition
hypothalamus, midbrain, temporal lobe
Term
what does the internal cerebral vein branch to, where are the branches located
Definition
dorsal medial thalamus: thalmostriate V, chordal V, septal V
Term
where does the superolateral superificial cortex blood drain into
Definition
superior saggital and transverse sinuses
Term
where are the superificial veins of the cortex located
Definition
subarachnoid space
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