frontal lobe

personality

behavior

higher intellectual function

primary voluntary motor area

perception of general sensation

spatial perceptions & inter-relationships

interacts with motor area

integreates memory

receives stimuli from senses of hearing, taste, smell

visual fibers located deep in the lobe

(visual processing/perception)

short term memory

emotions

primary motor area

somatotopically organized

where voluntary movements start

if lesioned: flaccid paralysis

programs of learned movement, sequences or combo. of skilled movement

"sports gyri" because of role in skilled movement patterns.

if lesioned: spastic paralysis (common)

involved in pupillary changes and eye movement

if damage: weakness of eye muscles and pupil asymmetry

areas involved in personality, judgment, insight

if lesioned: affective and behavioral disorders

motor speech area

lateralized to one hemisphere (usually left)

if damaged: motor aphasias

primary somatosensory area

somatotopically organized

processing of sensory info

if damaged: sensory deficits

where sensory integration occurs

if damaged: sensory agnosias

auditory cortex

receives info from inner ears

if damaged: cortical loss of hearing/deafness

association auditory cortex

makes sense of the sounds

lateralized to dominant hemisphere (usually left)

lower portion used for storage of memory 

if damaged: difficulty understanding what is said

visual info interpreted here

if damaged: loss of sight

makes sense of what you see

if damaged: visual agnosias

associated with emotions and memories

if damaged: behvioral disturbances

connect cortical areas to subcortical areas

ex: corona radiata, internal capsule

fibers that cross midline and connect the 2 hemispheres

ex. corpus callosum, anterior/posterior commissures

fibers that interconnect cortical regions within the same hemisphere.

ex. uncinate fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus

caudate nucleus,

putamen,

globus pallidus internus/externus

caudate, putamen, internal capsule, 

lateral surgace of cerebral hemispheres 

frontal, parietal, temporal lobes

inferior surface of frontal and temporal lobes

basal ganglia,

corpus callosum,

medial surface of cerebral hemispheres

thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain,

medial & inferior surfaces of temporal, occipital lobes

pons, 

midbrain,

cerebellum

midbrain,

pons,

medulla

pons

cerebellum

medulla,

cerebellum

CN 5,6,7,8:

Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear

CN 9,10,11,12:

glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

CN 1 lesion

anosmia (loss of smell)

CN 3 damage

dilated pupil, ptosis, eye turns down/out, pupillary reflex on side of lesion will be lost

CN 4 damage,

inability to look down when eye is adducted

Eye will fail to move laterally;

diplopia on lateral gaze

paralysis of facial muscles; eye remails open; angle of mouth droops, forehead does not wrinkle

dry cornea and lack of taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue

paralysis of contralateral facial muscles

progressive unilateral hearing loss;

Tinnitus (noises in the ear)

sagging of soft palate

deviation of uvula to normal side,

hoarseness owing to paralysis of vocal fold

protruded tongue deviates toward affected side;

moderate dysarthria (disturbance of articulation)

olfactory nerve

CN 1

Optic nerve (CN 2)

Ophthalmic a.

oculomotor (CN3), 

Trochlear (CN4),

Abducens (CN6),

V1 of trigeminal (CN5)

internal carotid a.

sympathetic nerve

glossopharyngeal (CN9),

vagus (CN10)

spinal accessory (CN11)

transverse sinus

medulla and meninges,

spinal accessory nerve,

verterbral arteries,

ant/post spinal arteries

lesion to the optic chiasm

peripheral vision is lost

right optic radiation, optic tract, and/or visual cortex

lesions cause what?

left temporal hemianopsia and right nasal hemianopsia

(lesion after the chiasm)

LR6(SO4)3

Lateral rectus (CN 6)

Superior oblique (CN 4)

ALL others (CN 3)

trigeminal (CN5)

facial CN7)

optic (CN2)

oculomotor (CN3)

o.o.o.t.t.a.f.v.g.v.a.h

"some stars make money but my brother says

Bugs Bunny makes more"

(S=sensory, M=motor, B=both)

3 sensoryy nuclei,

1 motor nucleus

glossopharyngeal,

vagus,

ascending

sensory to lower extremities

dorsal horn

ascending

sensory to upper extremities

dorsal horn

ascending

sensory for unconscious proprioception

lateral horn

ascending

sensory for pain and temperature

lateral horn

ascending

sensory/orient vision and hearing to the body

lateral horn

ascending

sensory for "itch/tickle"

ventral horn

descending

voluntary motor control

lateral horn

descending

fine motor control to hand

lateral horn

descending

changes in muscle tone in response to consciousness

lateral horn

descending

increases extensor muscle tone

lateral horn

descending

voluntary motor control (NOT crossed)

ventral horn

descending

affects muscle tone

ventral horn

descending

affects muscle tone

ventral horn

descending

vision or hearing direct head and neck movement

ventral horn

descending

intercommunication route for cranial nerves

ventral horn

muscle atrophy

absent or diminished reflexes

flaccid paralysis

hyperreflexia

increased tone/spasticity

mildest nerve injury

loss of function temporary

axon is preserved (myelin damaged)

repair within 6-8 weeks

increased nerve damage

severe crush or contusion

loss of motor and sensory function

loss of continuity of axon (coverings intact)

Most severe nerve injury

all nerve tissue disrupted

surgical intervention to repair damage is necessary

complete loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic function

important for eye control

relay of auditory and visual info

contains structure for motor control

(substantia nigra, red nucleus)

transmit neural info

process cranial nerve info

control resp. rhythm 

consciousness

transmission of neural info

cranial nerve nuclei

control of cardiovascular and resp functions

voluntary muscle control

judgment/reasoning

personality

Long term memory

receives and makes sense of sensations

(how objects feel)

auditory

makes sense of sounds

short term memory

emotions

1.neurulation

2.cell proliferation

3.migration and aggregation

4. formation of axonal and dendritic processes

5. formation of connection b/w nerve cell

to nerve or muscle cells

CN3: edinger-westphal

CN7: superior salivatory

CN9: inferior salivatory