Term
| what is the fibre function in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord? Does the dorsal horn supply hypaxial or epaxial muscles? |
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Definition
| The dorsal horn of the spinal cord has mostly sensory function. It supplies epaxial muscles (those dorsal to the spine eg the iliocostalis mm and longissimus mm etc). The dorsal horn originates from the alar plate during embryonic development. |
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Term
| what does the term gliosis refer to? |
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Definition
| gliosis is the increase in number of the glial cells. |
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Term
| the ventral horn in the spinal cord originates from which embryonic structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do the terms 'gyrus' and 'sulci' mean? |
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Definition
gyrus - ridge (on cerebral cortex)
sulci - depression/fissure |
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Term
| what is the function of microglia? |
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Definition
| microglia function to phagocytose debris and constantly sample their environment (immune surveillance). they are small with an oblong nuclei. |
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Term
| What does EPSP stand for? what do they do? |
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Definition
| EPSP - excitatory post synaptic potential. Examples of EPSP include glutamate and Ach. These neurotransmitters open Na2+ channels enabling Na ions into the cell and make the cytosolic side of the membrane less negative so that it is easier for the cell to reach the depolarisation threshold to generate an action potential. |
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Term
| is glycine an IPSP or EPSP? |
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Definition
| it is an inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP). It opens Cl- channels causing hyperpolarisation (the cytosolic side of the membrane becomes more -ve) and makes it more difficult for a cell to reach depolarisation threshold to generate an action potential |
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Term
| what are tinbergens 4 levels of behavioural explanation? |
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Definition
the 4 whys!
function - what is the behaviour for?
mechanism - how is the behaviour achieved?
development - how does the behaviour develop?
evolution - where has the behaviour come from? |
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Term
| what is the suprachiasmatic nucleus? |
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Definition
| a nucleus situated above the optic chiasm. it contains the biological clock responsible for organising many of the bodies circadian rhythmns. |
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Term
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Definition
| a photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina. its axons transmits info to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the thalamus and the olivary pretectal nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| an inventory of behaviour displayed by a species in a particular environment. it includes orientation, protection, metabolism, social behaviour, play and reproduction. |
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Term
| which receptor type is blocked in myasthenia gravis? how is it treated? what is the predominant clinical sign? |
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Definition
| Nicotinic receptors are blocked in myasthenia gravis. it is treated with an Ach esterase. the main clinical sign is muscle weakness. |
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Term
| name three ways in which infection can spread throughout the CNS |
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Definition
1. neurotrophic spread (through the nervous tissue)
2. neural abscesses (from a septic focus)
3. haematogenous (via the blood) |
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Term
| You suspect an infection in the CNS of a dog. You take a sample of CSF. You analyze its glucose content. why? |
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Definition
| many bacteria use glucose for their metabolism. if you find glucose levels are lowered in your csf sample you may suspect bacterial infection and investigate further. |
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Term
| what type of virus is canine distemper? how is it spread in the CNS? |
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Definition
| canine distemper virus is a pantrophic morbillivirus and belongs to the paramyxoviridae family of viruses. it is an enveloped, negative sense single stranded virus. it is spread through the CNS via the bloodstream (haematogenous spread) |
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Term
Listeria........
is it gram positive or negative?
what shape is it (rod, cocci etc) ?
is is catalase positive or negative?
is it oxidase positive or negative? |
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Definition
| listeria is a gram posive rod. it tolerates a wide range of temperature and pH. It is a facultative anaerobe. it is catalase positive and oxidase negative. |
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Term
| name a fungal infection that affects the cns of cats (although uncommon in UK) |
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Definition
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Term
| name the 5 main pairs of vessels that supply the brain. |
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Definition
rostral cerebral arteries - supply medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres
middle cerebral arteries - supply lateral and ventrolateral aspects of the cerebral hemispheres
caudal cerebral arteries - supply occipital lobes
rostral cerebellar arteries - supply the rostral aspects of cerebellum
caudal cerebellar arteries - supply caudal and lateral aspects of cerebellum |
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Term
| what are the 3 groups of sinuses in the brain whose function is venous drainage? |
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Definition
1. dorsal sinuses
the dorsal sagittal sinus is the largest and runs to the skull in the falx cerebri between the cerebral cortices. the straight sinus runs between the 2 cerebral hemispheres and drains the great cerebral vein.
2. ventral sinuses
dorsal and ventral petrosal sinuses connect to the transverse sinuses (x2) and flow is rostral to caudal.
3. cavernous sinus
median connecting pair of sinuses. sits in close proximity to pituitary gland. |
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Term
| what are the 3 meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord? |
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Definition
dura mater - hard outer layer, fibrous, tough. intercranially adherent to the periosteum of the skull.
arachnoid matter - middle layer. spider web of fine filaments.
pia mater - inner layer, thin, adherent to brain/spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the dura mater |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the pia arachnoid |
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Term
| list 4 ways in which anxiety can afford protection |
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Definition
1. freezing/immobile (prey spp so can't be seen)
2. escape/avoidance (flight)
3. aggressive defence (fight)
4. submission/appeasement |
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Term
| what are the vertebral roots of the suprascapular nerve? what muscles does it supply? |
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Definition
| C6 and C7. supplies the supra and infra - spinatus muscles. |
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Term
| what vertebral roots make up the brachial plexus? where is it located? |
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Definition
| C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2. located in the axilla |
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Term
| what are the roots of the ulnar nerve? what does it supply? |
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Definition
| C8, T1 and T2. supplies the flexors of the carpus and digits and cutaneous supply to caudal surface of the forearm and lateral surface of the manus (and dorsum digit in the horse). |
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Term
| describe the course of the radial nerve |
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Definition
| runs between the head of the triceps and biceps and curves around the caudal aspect of the shaft of the humerus to reach the lateral aspect of the arm |
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Term
| what muscles does the sciatic tibial nerve supply? |
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Definition
| hamstring group, extensors of the hock and flexors of the digits, cutaneous supply to caudomedial aspect of the leg |
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Term
| what are the roots of the obturator nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Pain ellicited from a normally non painful stimulus |
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Term
| name 2 important pathways of pain/nocioception |
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Definition
1. spinocervicothalamic tract - superficial pain and accurate pain localisation eg. pin prick
2. spinoreticular tract - deep pain and visceral sensations. Poorly localised eg. dull aches |
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Term
| testing proprioception is important for assessing the position of a lesion in the spinal cord. true or false. |
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Definition
| false. testing proprioception is useful in establishing if there is a problem in the spinal cord but it is not useful in lesion localisation. |
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Term
| which 4 cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure? |
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Definition
occulomotor cn3
trochlear cn4
abducens cn6
opthalmic branch of trigeminal cn5 |
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Term
| which 2 cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus? |
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Definition
facial cn7
vestibulocochlear cn8 |
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Term
| which branch of cranial nerve 5 the trigeminal passes through the foramen rotundum? |
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Definition
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Term
| which 3 cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen? |
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Definition
glossopharangeal cn9
vagus cn10
accessory cn11 |
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Term
| through which canal does the hypoglossal nerve cn12 pass? |
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Definition
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Term
| which cranial nerve passes through the optic canal? |
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Definition
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Term
| the optic nerve passes through the cribiform plate. true or false. |
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Definition
| false. the olfactory nerve, cranial nerve 1 passes through the criform plate |
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Term
| name 4 pathways by which the lens metabolises glucose |
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Definition
1. anaerobic metabolism (most important)
2. aerobic metabolism via the citric acid cycle
3.by hexose monophosphate shunt
4. by sorbitol pathway (important in diabetes) |
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Term
| which species have a holangiotic fundus? |
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Definition
| dogs, cats, goats and other ruminants. holangiotic means that the retinal blood flow supplies the whole retina. In horses the retinal blood vessels supply a small focal area - this is called paurangiotic. |
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Term
| where is the punctum found in the pig? |
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Definition
| upper eye lid only. most animals have puncta on upper and lower lids. rabbits only have a punctum on the lower lid. |
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Term
| which 3 cranial nerves are responsible for the special senses? |
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Definition
| olfactory cn1, optic cn2 and vestibulocochlear cn8 |
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Term
| which cranial nerves innervate structures originating from the brachial arches? |
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Definition
trigeminal cn5
facial cn7
glossopharyngeal cn9
vagus cn10
accessory cn11 |
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Term
| which cranial nerves innervate muscles of the head? |
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Definition
occulomotor cn3
trochlear cn4
abducens cn6
hypoglossal cn12 |
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Term
| where does the trigeminal nerve originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| the auriculopalpebral nerve, dorsal buccolabial and ventral buccolabial nerves are all external branches of which cranial nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of receptors does atropine block? what is it used for? |
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Definition
| atropine is a muscarinic antagonist. it blocks muscarinic receptors. It is used for treatment of hypermotility of the gut and to support heart rate. |
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Term
| the abducens nerve, cn 6, supplies the lateral rectus and retractor bulbi muslces of the eye but what fibres does this nerve possess? |
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Definition
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