Term
| Name the 3 chemical senses |
|
Definition
Gustation
Olfaction
Chemoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| an amino acid that makes things more savory. Causes a secondary chemical measure to the brain to make you feel good about what you are eating. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of the tongue for salty and sweet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Tastebuds are synonymous with papillae |
|
Definition
| False. There are many tastebuds on each papillae (from 10-hundreds) |
|
|
Term
| What separates the external ear from middle ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates the middle ear from inner ear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amplifies the sound of air into liquid vibrations |
|
|
Term
| The ___ system informs our nervous system where our head and body are and how they are moving. This info is used without conscious effort to control muscular contractions that will put our body where we want it to be, to reorient ourselves when something pushes us aside, and to move our eyes so that our visual world stays fixed on our retinas even when our head is bouncing around. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cartilaginous part of your ear that is external to your skull |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Entrance to the inner ear, extending about 2.5cm into the skull. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is pressure greater at the tympanic membrane or oval window? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Response where onset of loud sound causes tensor tympani and stapedius muscle contraction
Function: Adapt ear to loud sounds, understand speech better |
|
Definition
| Attenuation reflex (to protect ear from loud sounds) |
|
|
Term
| When you yawn to decrease pressure in the middle ear, you are opening the ___ ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast the electrical potential of perilymph and endolymph. |
|
Definition
| endolymph is 80mV more positive than perilymph (or could be worded as perilymph is 80mV less positive than endolymph) |
|
|
Term
| What causes depolarization in the organ of corti (endolyph)? |
|
Definition
| High concentration of POTASSIUM and low Na+ (opposite of most cells) |
|
|
Term
| T/F- sounds travel further in air than in water? |
|
Definition
| False, water is more dense |
|
|
Term
| How does a cochlear implant work? |
|
Definition
| A cochlear implant DIRECTLY stimulates the auditory nerve. |
|
|
Term
| it takes longer to reach the other ear, further from the sound. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is also a difference in the sound intensity too (your head blocks sounds from the opposite side). |
|
Definition
| interaural intensity difference |
|
|
Term
| the idea that interaural time delay and interaural intensity differency combine to create sound localization (how you figure out where sound is coming from). |
|
Definition
| Duplex theory of sound localization |
|
|
Term
| important for almost all sensory systems as a relay. |
|
Definition
| medial lemniscus (thalamus) |
|
|
Term
| the spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Importance of the ossicles? |
|
Definition
| the ossicles (3 bones that move and push on the oval window) provide the amplification needed to move the fluid of the cochlea. The ossicles ensure that there is enough force on the small surface area. |
|
|
Term
| What two muscles help your ear to react to sounds that are too loud (attenuation affect)? |
|
Definition
| tensor tympani and stapedius |
|
|
Term
| Sound attenuation is much greater at high/low frequencies? |
|
Definition
| Sound attenuation is much greater at LOW frequencies |
|
|
Term
| Which system does the cochlea belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which system does the labyrinth belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the vestibular labyrinth located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are auditory receptor neurons held? |
|
Definition
| on the organ of Corti, which is on the basilar membraine of the scala media in the cochlea. |
|
|
Term
| high or low frequency waves travel further? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Auditory-vestibular nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of the vestibular system for gravity and tilt (linear and tilt) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the vestibular system for angular motion head rotation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Info about sound intensity is coded in what two interrelated ways? |
|
Definition
| sound frequency (firing rates of neurons) and the population (number of active neurons) |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you have unilateral loss of A1? |
|
Definition
| you loss the ability to locate sound precisely, but you do NOT become deaf |
|
|
Term
| Your head moves, but your eyes try to stay in the same spot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the vestibular system, some hair cells depolarize in the ear, while others hyperpolarize in the same ear to signify direction. T/F |
|
Definition
| False- the stereo and kinocilia are mechanically linked, so all will depolarize or hyperpolarize |
|
|
Term
| What gives us linear acceleration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the uncontrolled movements or jerking of the eye muscles at the end rage of the visual field. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nerve responsible for the central pathways of the vestibular system? |
|
Definition
| vestibulochoclear nerve VIII (8) |
|
|
Term
| nerves responsible for vestibulocular reflex? |
|
Definition
CN III: Oculomotor
CN IV: Trochlear
CN VI: Abducens |
|
|
Term
| detects the force of gravity |
|
Definition
| otolith organs in the vestibular system |
|
|
Term
| sensitive to head rotation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two chambers of the otoliths? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory epithelium of the otolith organs (sccule and utricle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| head tilted forward, depolarization or hyperpolarization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| head tilted backwards, depolarization or hyperpolarization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Detects angular acceleration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the push-pull activation of the semicircular canals |
|
Definition
| Head rotation causes the excitation of hair cells in one horizontal semicircular canal and inhibition of hair cells in the other. |
|
|
Term
| Two reflex systems that are very similar... |
|
Definition
| ocular motor reflex and vestibular ocular reflex (linked by vestibularoccular reflex) |
|
|
Term
| "the broadly tuned receptors" (x2) |
|
Definition
| gustation (taste) and olfaction (smell) |
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerve for anterior 2/3 of tongue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerve for posterior 1/3 of tongue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cranial nerve for epiglottis innervation, tasting bitter makes you gag because the epiglottis is stimulated... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photoreceptor type that is better at night |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photoreceptor type that is better during the day |
|
Definition
| cones (more centralized and contains color) |
|
|
Term
| what colors have higher energy and can be more harmful? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bending light because of a change in medium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A young girl suffers from a TBI that reportedly created a lesion in her optic chiasm. How would you expect her visual field to be affected by this accident? |
|
Definition
| She will have tunnel vision or an inability to see outside of the central visual field. Aka. "bitemporal hemianopsia" |
|
|
Term
| Word describing "tunnel vision" caused by a lesion to the optic chiasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Word describing loss of site caused by a lesion to the optic tract (and resulting loss of vision in the opposite visual field). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you disrupt or mechanically stimulate the chain of neurons brining in afferent info leading to the cortex... (i.e. poking your eye and seeing light) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a fast and dynamic type of adaptation (ex. When I put on a shirt, I only notice it when it’s being put on and when it’s taken off, you phase out the stimulus in your head). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| you slowly adapt (ex. Adjusting to the temperature in the swimming pool, or not forgetting that you are holding a pencil as you write). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| give us the sensation of pressure and vibration. It is one of the hardest sensory experiences to eliminate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| very deep and are coded to feel heat. Thermal receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| very shallow and are coded for light discriminatory touch. In our fingers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| very shallow and code for light touch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deep receptors and code for cold. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a child applies pressure to their thumb after cutting their finger, they expect the sensation of pressure to reach their brain theoretically before pain. What is this an example of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanoreceptor that has a large field size and rapid adaptation? |
|
Definition
| Pacinian corpuscle. give us the sensation of pressure and vibration. |
|
|
Term
| Mechanoreceptor that has a large receptor field and is slow to adapt? |
|
Definition
| Ruffini’s endings. very deep and are coded to feel heat. |
|
|
Term
| Mechanoreceptor that has a small field and is rapid to adapt? |
|
Definition
| Meissener's corpuscles. very shallow and are coded for light discriminatory touch. In our fingers. |
|
|
Term
| Type of primary afferent axon that is very fast and well mylenated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of primary afferent axon that is associated with free nerve endings for pain signals? |
|
Definition
C type. CType are typically unmylinated, associated with our free nerve endings.
Free nerve endings are for pain. Dull throbbing or unnerving pain. Pain fibers are thin. |
|
|
Term
| Type of primary afferent axon for sharp pain (like putting your hand on a stove) Very phasic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-Discriminative touch
-conscious proprioception
-vibration
-pressure |
|
Definition
| Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system |
|
|
Term
| Anterolateral system functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Axons bringing information from the somatic sensory receptors to the spinal cord or brain stem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dorsal root spinal is motor T/F |
|
Definition
| FALSE, dorsal root is sensory |
|
|
Term
| Part of the body with the highest resolution two point discrimination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slowest of the axons, conducting at about .5-2m/sec |
|
Definition
| C-type afferent axons, coding for pain and temperature sensation. Unmyelinated. |
|
|
Term
| The area of the skin innervated by the right and left dorsal roots of a single spinal segment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F- when a dorsal root is cut, the corresponding dermatome on that side of the body loses all sensation. |
|
Definition
| FALSE. The adjacent dorsal roots innervate overlapping areas. To lose all sensation in one dermatome, three adjacent dorsal roots must be cute. |
|
|
Term
| Name for the pathway serving touch |
|
Definition
| Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway |
|
|
Term
| No sensory information goes directly into the neocortex without first synapsing in what area of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what point does desucation occur for the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Order the following:
blastomere
zygote
morula
blastocyst |
|
Definition
zygote
blastomere
morula
blastocyst |
|
|
Term
| Which plane is sound localized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is sign of cerebellar damage? |
|
Definition
ataxia (uncoordinated movements)
dysynergia (decomposition of the multijoint movement)
dysmetric= overshoot (unable to aim or do a finger point to nose test) |
|
|
Term
| Ataxia indicates an injury to what part of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| overshoot, can’t judge distance (nose to finger test) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lack of coordination of movements at the joints, caused by cerebellar damage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during a neglect? |
|
Definition
| Posterior-parietal injury. When you don’t recognize a part of your body. Often times they don’t realize they have the left side. Draws half a flower |
|
|
Term
| Occulo-motor reflex/vestibuloccular reflex? |
|
Definition
| Eye spotting while spinning head. |
|
|
Term
| What does a motor unit consist of? |
|
Definition
| 1 alpha motor neuron and all of the muscles that it innervates. |
|
|
Term
| Why is organ of corti important? |
|
Definition
| Consists of the auditory receptors. |
|
|
Term
| What frequency sound waves are higher pitched? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cross-extensor reflex? |
|
Definition
| Flexors on the stimulus side activated, extensors inhibited. Extensors activated on the opposite side to get away from the stimulus, flexors inhibited. |
|
|
Term
| Which is the light sensitive element in the retina? |
|
Definition
| photoreceptors (rods and cones) |
|
|
Term
| What is the size principle? |
|
Definition
The idea that the order of the recruitment of motor neurons is due to variation in alpha motor neuron size.
Smallest motor neurons are recruited first for muscle contraction. Largest last |
|
|
Term
| What is visual accommodation? |
|
Definition
| Changing of the shape of the lens to allow extra focusing power. |
|
|
Term
| What are central pattern generators called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a lesion in the V4 region result in? |
|
Definition
| Color perception disorder (NOT color blindness, which is genetic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The opposite group of muscles from the active muscles relax. antagonist relaxes. |
|
|
Term
| The opposite group of muscles from the active muscles relax. antagonist relaxes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates the auditory canal from the middle ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cortical map plasticity? |
|
Definition
| If you use a part of your brain more (ie. your hands have a larger representation in your brain if you are a pianist). The ability of your brain to cover a larger part of the area that is used more. Both motor and sensory. |
|
|
Term
| What is special about the receptor cells of gustation and olfaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does light absorption take place? |
|
Definition
| in the retina because it is covered in melanin |
|
|
Term
| What happens at the cornea? |
|
Definition
| Covers the eye, refraction occurs here at the aqueous humor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rods= for night/dark
Cones= daylight, fovea centralis, more concentrated in the inner-eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bleached rodobsin is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unbleached rhodopsin is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red, green, and blue (trichotomy theory of color) |
|
|
Term
| name two basal ganglia disorders? |
|
Definition
| Parkinson's disease (hypokinesia) and Huntington's disease (dyskinesia) |
|
|
Term
| spontaneous, uncontrollable and purposeless movements with rapid, irregular flow and flicking motions of various other parts of the body. |
|
Definition
| chorea (often seen in Huntington's disease) |
|
|
Term
| Characterized by violent flinging movements of the extremities, occurring on just one side of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage to your Putamen Circuit (apart of the basal ganglion in the forebrain) results in what three dysfunctions? |
|
Definition
Athetosis= slow writing, snake-like movements of the neck and trunk.
Hemiballismus= jerking movements on one side of the body.
Chorea= quick, irregular, involuntary movements of the limb, trunk, head, and face. |
|
|
Term
| Which part of your muscles are responsible for proprioception? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Via what cells do axons leave the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| you cannot recognize familiar items by touch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when you have a hemisection of the spinal cord cut or damaged? |
|
Definition
| Pain and temperature is lost on the opposite side (spinal thalamic pathway crosses immediately). You lose pressure and sensation on the same side (straight to the brain before crossing at the medulla). |
|
|
Term
| Why can’t the optic disk sense light? |
|
Definition
| no photoreceptors where the optic nerve exits the eye. |
|
|
Term
| jerky motions, cerebellar disability. uncoordinated. |
|
Definition
| ataxia (caused by damage to the cerebellum) |
|
|
Term
| inability to motor plan, caused by damage to the frontal lobe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Area that controls each movement for "Ready, set, and go!" |
|
Definition
Ready= frontal and parietal lobes
Set=supplementary and premotor areas
go!=motor areas of cerebellum (or other areas of the brain depending on the action) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between aqueous humor and vitrous humor? |
|
Definition
| Aqueous= anterior to cornea |
|
|
Term
| has more potassium, more electropositive than any other electrocellular area in the ear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the semicircular canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| responsible for detecting linear acceleration? |
|
Definition
| otoliths in the vestibular system |
|
|
Term
| How does a cochlear implant work? |
|
Definition
| directly stimulates the auditory nerve |
|
|
Term
| Which nerve is olfaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neural plate
Fold
Neural tube |
|
|
Term
| What happens when you have a neural crest defect? |
|
Definition
| skin pigmentation disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage to the neural crest, specifically the mesoderm where melanin is produced. People who are albino lack melanin in their skin and in their eyes (retina), so they have a hard time with light on their skin and seeing in the light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Free, branching, unmyelinated nerve endings that signal that body tissue is being damaged or is at risk of being damaged. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of stimuli do nociceptors respond to? |
|
Definition
| mechanical, thermal, and chemical. |
|
|
Term
| Enhances the antigravity reflexes of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| pontine reticulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Liberates the antigravity muscles from reflex control in the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
| medullary reticulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lateral pathways? |
|
Definition
| control motor function distally |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the tectospinal tract? |
|
Definition
| Constructing the map of the world around us. Directs the head and the eyes to construct the image of the world around us. |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you damage your corticospinal tract? |
|
Definition
| Paralyzation/weakness on the opposite side. This is what happens in CVA (stroke) |
|
|
Term
| helps with neuro plasticity in the case that the corticospinal tract is disabled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are lower motor neurons responsible for? |
|
Definition
| The final common pathway to direct command. |
|
|
Term
| What is the basis of the visual pathway? |
|
Definition
| concentrated activity of neurons |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the striate cortex? |
|
Definition
| Object motion analysis. (so you don’t get hit in the face by a ball.) |
|
|
Term
| What CN innervates the lateral rectus eye muscle? |
|
Definition
| VI (6)- abducens (abducts the eye) |
|
|
Term
| What eye muscles does the oculomotor III nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
Superior rectus
Medial rectus
inferior oblique
inferior rectus |
|
|
Term
| What eye muscle(s) does the cranial nerve IV innervate? |
|
Definition
| The trochlear cranial nerve 4, innervates the superior oblique |
|
|
Term
| most important nerve to provide info from our face region. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of S1, the primary sensory cortex? |
|
Definition
| adjacent to central sulcus, and primary motor cortex. |
|
|
Term
| designates the percentage of brain designated to a particular part of your body. Cortical mapping. |
|
Definition
| Homunculus (cortical somatotopy) |
|
|
Term
| A major part of your brain is devoted to what two body parts (cortical mapping)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterolateral system crosses over when? |
|
Definition
| IMMEDIATELY, at the same level of injury |
|
|
Term
| The most complex levels of somatosensory processing occur in the ___ ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is also known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disorders caused by damage to the posterior parietal areas? |
|
Definition
-agnosia=inability to recognize objects even though sensory skills appear normal
-astereognosia=cannot recognize common objects by feeling them.
-neglect syndrome= a part of the body or a part of the world is ignored or suppressed. |
|
|
Term
| the sensory process that provides the signals that trigger pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the feeling or perception of sore, aching, throbbing, sensations of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When cells are damaged,what is one type of sensitizing chemical that directly depolarizes nociceptors to cause the sensation of pain? |
|
Definition
| bradykinin (others are prostaglandins and substance P) |
|
|
Term
| First pain is caused by the activation of ___ fibers, and second pain is caused by activation of ____ fibers. |
|
Definition
1. Alpha gamma
2. C fibers |
|
|
Term
| referred pain is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you are stabbed in the spine on the right, then kicked in the shin on the R, will you feel the kick? |
|
Definition
| YES, the pain from the stabbing crossed over to the left. |
|
|
Term
| Direction of pain pathway up the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Direction of sensory pathway up the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Helps to explain how we modulate pain
Grew out of a certain phenomena, if you grab your finger, pain decreases.
Pressure and sensation (not crossing over first and of myalinated axons) travels faster) and pain comes next. Beat the pain sensation! |
|
|
Term
| Thermoreceptors are fast or slow adapting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Temperature is coupled to what type of primary axon? |
|
Definition
Agamma and C for cold temperatures
C fibers for hot.
coupled with pain. |
|
|
Term
| CP is an example of an upper or lower motor neuron problem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spasticity is as a result of upper or lower motor neuron defect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
digestive tract, arteries, related structures
examples of this type of muscle... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type of muscle:
Cardiac (heart) and skeletal (bulk of body muscle mass) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of lower motor neurons? |
|
Definition
| in the ventral root of the spinal vertebra. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Idea of crossed motor involvement
(who) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
“The Jacksonian March”
Introduced somatotopic orientation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hierarchy of motor control |
|
Definition
strategy- neocortex basal glantion, middle=tactics, motor cortex/cerebellum,
execution=brainstem and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Axons from brain descend along two major pathways |
|
Definition
Lateral Pathways
Ventromedial Pathways |
|
|
Term
| descending pathway for Voluntary movement - originates in cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| components of the lateral tracts? |
|
Definition
Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)
Rubrospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Descending spinal tract for Posture and locomotion - originates in brain stem |
|
Definition
| The Ventromedial pathways |
|
|
Term
| descending ventromedial spinal tract for head balance and head turning. |
|
Definition
| The Vestibulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| ventromedial tract for orienting response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Pontine and Medullary Recticulospinal Recticulospinal tract
are lateral or ventromedial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fires prior to voluntary movement |
|
Definition
| Ml, primary motor area, area 4 |
|
|
Term
| Primarily active during the planning stage of movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spasticity distally greater than proximal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Apraxia: loss of complex reciprocal movements
Dyscoordination
Alternating movements |
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Term
SMC lesion
(supplemental motor cortex) |
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Definition
| Akinesia=loss of voluntary movement |
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Term
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Definition
Contributions of Posterior Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex
Anterior frontal lobes: Abstract thought, decision making and anticipating consequences of action
Area 6: Actions converted into signals specifying how actions will be performed |
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Term
Monitored cortical activation accompanying voluntary movement (PET)
who |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Disorders of the caudate circuitry of the basal ganglion? |
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Definition
Parkinson’s Disease: Dopamine
Huntington’s Chorea: GABA |
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Term
In the mesencephalon
Serves as an alternate pathway for transmitting cortical information to the spine
Specializes in discrete, fine motor signals
Associated with trained motor responses (riding a bike), and hand movements |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 parts of the cerebellum |
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Definition
Flocculonodular lobe: Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum: Ongoing limb movements
Cerebrocerebellum: Planning and preparation of intended movements |
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Term
| Walking is an example of what descending pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
Taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue
Taste to pharynx |
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Definition
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Term
| the loss of taste perception |
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Definition
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Term
| A thin sheet of bone through which small clusters of axons penetrate, coursing to the olfactory bulb |
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Definition
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Term
| smell sensory maps in the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| First synaptic relay in the primary visual pathway |
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Definition
| lateral geniculate neucleus (LGN) |
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Term
| reflects the entire spectrum (color) |
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Definition
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