Term
| The diffuse modulatory system acts on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F- Neurohormones are fast in action. |
|
Definition
| FALSE, Neurohormones are slow in action, but long lasting. |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is responsible for homeostasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Injury to the hypothalamus typically has what result? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defect to the dorsal hypothalamus has what affect? |
|
Definition
| blind spot and/or lack of feeling |
|
|
Term
| Body’s reactions to maintain normal conditions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Word describing how the body turns blue as a result of cold weather. Blood rushes to the internal organs, away from the skin to preserve life function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 functional zones of the secretory hypothalamus ... |
|
Definition
| periventricular, medial, and lateral |
|
|
Term
| 3 patterns of communication that the hypothalamus uses to communicate with the rest of the body. |
|
Definition
1) secretory hypothalamus secretes chemicals directly into the bloodstream
2) control neutrally by the hypothalamus via the ANS
3) CNS- diffuse modulatory systems of the brain (only the brain!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hypothalamus integrates somatic and visceral responses in accordance with the needs of the brain. Responsible for controlling homeostasis. |
|
|
Term
| The maintenances of the body's internal environment within a narrow physiological range. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What functional zones of the hypothalamus have extensive connections with the brain stem and the telenchephalon and regulate certain types of behavior? |
|
Definition
| the medial and lateral zones |
|
|
Term
| Name the three cell types found in the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus. Also, explain their function. |
|
Definition
1) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)- receives direct retinal innervation and function to synchronize circadian rhythms with daily light-dark cycles.
2) Cells that control the ANS- regulates the ouflow of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the visceral organs.
3) Neurosecretory neurons- extend axons down towards the stalk of the pituitary gland. Command attention. |
|
|
Term
| Magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release what two hormones into the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for vasopressin? |
|
Definition
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
|
Term
| The anterior pituitary lobe secretes what? |
|
Definition
| hormones (FSH, THS, GH, ACTH) |
|
|
Term
| The posterior pituitary lobe secretes what? |
|
Definition
| oxytocin and vasopressin. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Letting-down reflex? |
|
Definition
| you see a baby and you lactate. Sensory system is stimulated by suckling of baby. Stimulus to Thalamus->cortex( brain)->body reacts to help feed child, brain demands hypothalamus to tell pituitary to release oxytocin. |
|
|
Term
| What is the ultimate affect of vasopressin on your body? |
|
Definition
| It either induces thirst or decreases urine production. |
|
|
Term
| Under conditions of lowered blood volume or BP, the kidney secrets _____ into the bloodstream. |
|
Definition
| Renin- promotes the synthesis of peoptide angiotensin II, which excites the neurons in the subfornical to stimulate the hypothalamus, cuasing an increase of vasopressin production and a feeling of thirst. |
|
|
Term
| Angiotenson II has what affect on blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| It constricts them, thus increasing BP. |
|
|
Term
| What organ is responsible for communication between the kidneys and the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anterior/posterior pituitary is an actual gland. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cortisol stimulates/inhibits your immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells control the anterior lobe of the pituitary? |
|
Definition
| parvocellular neurosecretory cells |
|
|
Term
| Location of the adrenal glands? |
|
Definition
| directly above the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Where is cortisol produced? |
|
Definition
| In the adrenal cortex of the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Give the steps for cortisol release into the bloodstream. |
|
Definition
1) stressful stimulus
2) periventricular hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) into the blood of the portal circulation.
3) CRH travels in anterior pituitary, where it stimulates the release of corticotropin or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
4) ACTH travels through general circulation to the adrenal cortex in the kidneys, where it stimulates cortisol release. |
|
|
Term
| T/F- Cortisol is a lipophilic and steroid hormone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steroids, such as cortisol, rapidly cross the bloodbrain barrier because they are lipophilic. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol does not cross the blood-brain barrier. T/F |
|
Definition
| False- cortisol does cross the blood-brain barrier. |
|
|
Term
| Function of the somatic motor system: |
|
Definition
| innervates and commands skeletal muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| T/F- The somatic motor system controls its peripheral targets via disynaptic pathway, while the ANS uses a monosynaptic pathway. |
|
Definition
FALSE-
The somatic motor system controls its peripheral targets via a monosynaptic pathway, while the ANS uses a disynaptic pathway (p. 492) |
|
|
Term
| brain stem and lowest (sacral) segments of the spinal cord are sympathetic or parasympathetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system emerge from what part of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| middle third of the spinal cord (thoracic and lumbar segments) |
|
|
Term
| Orgasm and ejaculation are triggered by the parasympathetic or sympathetic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is slower, the ANS (autonomic) or CNS (central somatic)? |
|
Definition
| ANS because neurohormones diffuse (not direct) in comparison to nerve synaptic transmission. |
|
|
Term
| What is the role and function of the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
| integrates somatic (motor) and visceral responses in accordance with the needs of the brain. Regulates levels (temperature and body composition) in the body in response to the external environment to maintain homeostasis. |
|
|
Term
| the _____ _____ lies int he path of all the point-to-point pathways whose destination is the neocortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| body turning blue in the cold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the suprachiasmatic nucleus lie (SCN) in the brain? |
|
Definition
| it is a part of the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus that is just above the optic chiasm. |
|
|
Term
| Part of the periventricular zone that receives direct retinal innervation and functions to synchronize circadian rhythms with daily light-dark cycles? |
|
Definition
| suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main functions of the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
1) synchronize circadian rhythms with daily light-dark cycles
2) control the ANS, innervation to PNS and SNS
3)axons to the stalk of the pituitary gland to command attention. |
|
|
Term
| oxytocin and vasopressin are released where? |
|
Definition
| in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| what kind of a system does the anterior lobe of the pituitary run on to regulate hormone levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What serves as the communication between the brain and the kidney? |
|
Definition
| the secretory hypothalamus (communication via hormones) |
|
|
Term
| What controls the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
| parvocellular neurosecretory cells |
|
|
Term
| what effect does vasopressin have? |
|
Definition
| It acts directly on the kidneys and leads to water retension and reduced urine production. |
|
|
Term
| Where is cortisol released? |
|
Definition
| From your adrenal gland on your kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in telling the pituitary gland to start or stop secreting hormones? |
|
Definition
| a feedback system in hypothalmiopituitary portal circulation. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the ganglion located in the ANS? |
|
Definition
| In close proximity to the location that is being innervated (in particular, parasympathetic chains) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| affect of postganglionic NE in the parasympathetic compared to sympathetic? |
|
Definition
parasympathetic NE has a very localized affect.
sympathetic NE spreads far, even into the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
| What effect does propranolol have on the body and why? |
|
Definition
| It has a parasympathetic effect because it is an antagonist to the B receptor for NE. (NE stimulates sympathetic) |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 systems within the diffuse modulatory system |
|
Definition
1) noradrenergic locus coeruleus
2) serotonergic raphe nuclei
3) dopaminergic substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area
4) cholinergic basal forebrain and brain stem complexes. |
|
|
Term
| what does the locus coeruleus moderate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the locus coeruleus moderate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the roles of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus? |
|
Definition
-large concentration of melanin (blue color)
-regulates brain activity for sleep/wake cycles
-moderates noradrenaline production
-triggers a surge of noradrenaline in high stress situations.
-innervates the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, cerebellum, midbrain, and spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| What are the roles of the serotenergic raphe nuclei in the diffuse modulatory system? |
|
Definition
-innervates many of the same areas as the norandrenergic system (locus coeruleus)
-helps comprise the ascending reticular activiating system, sleep/wake cycles. |
|
|
Term
| Role of the dopaminergic substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the diffuse modulatory system. |
|
Definition
facilitates the initiation of voluntary movements (involved in Parkinson's D).
-dopamine projection from the midbrain |
|
|
Term
| What part of the diffuse modulatory system participates in learning and memory, but it's direct function is unknown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the cholinergic system (diffuse modulatory system) releases ACh to regulate excitability of thalamic sensory relay nuclei? |
|
Definition
| pontomesencephalototegmenta complex |
|
|
Term
| T/F- psychoactive drugs act primarily on the PNS. |
|
Definition
| FALSE, psychoactive drugs act primarily on the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Illegal drug that blocks dopamine reuptake... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Illegal drug that blocks norephinephrine and dopamine reuptake and stimulates dopamine release. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| locus coeruleus+ raphe nuclei= |
|
Definition
| ascending reticular activating system, arousal/awakens the forebrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ANS system, involuntary system working. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reaction to sensory, action we can see. |
|
|
Term
| Absorbing nutrients and converting them to food and other things. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breaking down food for energy. Postabsorptive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Right after a meal, when your body's energy stores are replenished. The blood is filled with nutrients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you treate ob/ob mice with lepin, what happens? |
|
Definition
| The eating disorder of obesity is reversed. |
|
|
Term
| Protein/hormone released by your adipose tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leptin regulates body mass by acting directly on neurons of the ____ that decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypothesis that states that all of us are predetermined to how much fat we can store... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F- when leptin levels are low, you eat more. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F- when leptin levels are high, you eat more. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| damage to the lateral hypothalamous causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus causes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The long- term anatomical and physiological union of two animals, such as in Siamese twins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what affect does leptin have on energy expenditure? |
|
Definition
| leptin increases energy expenditure. |
|
|
Term
| another word for lateral hypothalamic syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another word for ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the humeral, visceral, and somatic response to increased/excessive adipose? |
|
Definition
Humoral= increases secretion of TSH and ACTH to increase your metabolic rate
Visceral= increases the tone of your sympathetic division of the ANS to increase body temperature and metabolic rate.
Somatic motor= physically reaction, reduces your feeding behavior. |
|
|
Term
| anorectic peptids, aMSH and CART have what affect on the body? |
|
Definition
| decreases appetite, similar to leptin |
|
|
Term
| What affect do NPY and AgRP have? |
|
Definition
-stimulates feeding behavior in low leptin, low adipose conditions.
-inhibits the secretion of TSH and ACTH. |
|
|
Term
| name two orexigenic peptides and what are their affect? |
|
Definition
| NPY and AgRP, stimulate feeding behavior |
|
|
Term
| In response to decreased leptin levels, what peptides are released? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In response to increased leptin levels, what peptides are released? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The role of the lateral hypothalamus (LH)- |
|
Definition
| neurons that stimulate feeding behavior. Two types MCH, melanin-concentrating hormone, which informs the cortex of the leptin levels and motivates the search for food, and orexin, which stimulates your feeding behavior. |
|
|
Term
| where is melanin-concentrating hormone released? |
|
Definition
| by the lateral hypothalamus to increase seeking of food. |
|
|
Term
| electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus has what affect on behavior? |
|
Definition
| it stimulates feeding behavior |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 phases of short-term feeding and what happens in each? |
|
Definition
Cephalic phase- when the smell or sight of food causes increased salivation and increases digestive juices in the stomach. Makes you hungry. *The empty stomach releases ghrelin* ghrelin causes you to be hungry.
gastric phase- when you are actually chewing, swallowing, until when you feel full.
Substrate phase- where the signals for feeding stop. You begin digestion. |
|
|
Term
| insulin levels are highest during the cephalic, gastric, or substrate phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What peptide is released when the stomach is empty to stimulate appetite and food consumption? |
|
Definition
| ghrelin. Activates arcuate nucleus and NPY and AgRP |
|
|
Term
| T/F-Low levels of serotonin induce feeding behavior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve nerve sends the message to the brain that the stomach is full? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cholecystokinin (CCK)? |
|
Definition
| a satiety peptide. inhibits feeding behavior. |
|
|
Term
| Dopamine-depleted animals and food... |
|
Definition
| they like food, but don't WANT food |
|
|
Term
| volumetric thirst vs. osmotic thirst |
|
Definition
Volumetric thirst= you feel thirsty, so you begin to drink.
Osmotic thirst= concentration of salt in your blood. If you were to have a bag of chips, you would naturally have water with it to compensate. |
|
|
Term
| diabetes insepidus is a loss of ____ |
|
Definition
| vasopressin, so you pee glucose all of the time. |
|
|
Term
| your body's response to cold? |
|
Definition
| increase TSH to increase metabolism, blood rushes to the center of your body (cyanosis), viseromotor response of shivering. |
|
|
