• The Nuba. ·         Marks on bodies in Nuba show they are human, bodies manipulated to show advancement, animals uncivilized. 
• Now in Sudan.·         Nuba art into the 1970s was primarily body art. The purpose was for aesthetic reasons but it also linked people to social groups and within context of family. This body art ended with wars that took place in the 80s 90s and today.

   

  ·         Until the 1980s body decoration followed social rules.

  ·         Both men and women wore beads, belt was critical element. Naked without belt.

  ·         Personal art was important from birth.

  ·         Baby decorated from both with oils, face smeared with ochre. Ochre color showed family, traced ancestry patrilinearly. When the child was a month old, first hair cut typical of clan. By 9, constant change in coloration, hair, scarification.

  ·         Small girls had sides of head shaved. Each paitriclan had ochre pit. Body covered in oil and ochre daily. To be without color was required, or you would be removed from people.

  ·         Lower grades Loer and Kadundor have body arts associated with them. Cutouts and beeswax to hair in kudundor. 

Keloids: Fibrous scar caused by excessive tissue repair in response to trauma, people know how to do it. Practice of incising the skin with a sharp instrument to control the shape of the scar that results on various parts of the body.

The example shown is Nuba

Gash made with sharp instrument then irritation through caustic plant juice to cause permanent blisters. Sometimes pigment rubbed in. Forms keloids when healed.

·         The Nuba share south Kordofan with all sorts of other people. Khartoum is capital, most people are Arabs.

o   Misiriya Zurug and Hawazma (cattle people) known collectively as Baggara. Some Nuba groups lived symbiotically with them, some not, all had underlying suspicion. The Baggara were involved in capturing the Nuba for the Arab slave trade in the early 20^th century.

Nuba girls covered themselves daily with oil and ochre. The color depended on what patriclan they belonged to.

(The term from the list here is "ochre")

·      Nuba traced ancestry patrilinearly. Ochre color showed lineage.

·      Each pairiclan had ochre pit. Body covered in oil and ochre daily. To be without color was required, or you would be removed from people.

Nuba grade, determined by age level. loer grade is wrestling  -- 3 sub grades

8-11

11-14

14-17

Loer and Kadundor grades have body arts associated with them. what they are, i have no idea. 

Nuba society has grades associated with age for boys.Kadundor – bracelet and stick fighting  --  5 sub grades

17-20

20-23

23-26

26-29

29-31

Loer and Kadundor grades have body art associated with them. 

Nuba society has grades associated with age for boys. Kadonga – retirement from active sports. --  2 sub grades

31-45

45 and up

Female initiation ritual. Six stages, body and facial scarification, every two years, begins around age 5 or 6. •increasingly elaborate designs every two years

Mbirhlen’nda: anthropomorphized spirit pot. Traditionally placed in shrines protected by thatched roofs.

·        distinction features- Tubular projecting mouth, mass of nodes around the neck.

·         Ancestor vessels may be used as shrines as well. Peoepl died in the community, if a diviner determines a spirit is causing problems Shembera vessel is created to calm it down. Arranged in shrines behind the Mbirhlen’nda.

·         The concept of body and pot decoration and the socialization of pots and humans brings young people and spirits in the community together.

·The Uele and Ubangi Rivers are the home of the Mangbetu people, between the rivers. In the DRC.

Most mangbetu were minimalist, practical. Beautifully made and crafted but not associated with leadership alone.

·         Established a major kingdom by the 18^th c, by 19^th c Europeans had written enthusiastic accounts of their courts.

Georg Schweinfurth 

·         Munza received Schweinfurth in 1870, Schwei wrote about luxurious lifestyle of Munza and his court. According to Schwei, all Mangbetu spent a great deal of time adorning themselves.

·         In 1909 Herbert Lang and James Chapin went on expedition. West had just discovered that Okapis existed, wanted to collect one for diorama for American Museum of Natural History. Stayed until 1915, collected over 4000 ethnological objects.

·         In 1909 Herbert Lang and James Chapin went on expedition. West had just discovered that Okapis existed, wanted to collect one for diorama for American Museum of Natural History. Stayed until 1915, collected over 4000 ethnological objects.

Little horse thing that they wanted in England so.. ·         In 1909 Herbert Lang and James Chapin went on expedition. West had just discovered that Okapis existed, wanted to collect one for diorama for American Museum of Natural History. Stayed until 1915, collected over 4000 ethnological objects.

... WHY we need to know this, I have no idea.

The Fulani are the largest ethnic minority in Nigeria. Historically nomadic. Over 1000 years play key roles in Western Africa. Territory stretches from Atlantic coast to Chad.

Fulani are minorities wherever they live.

The Wodaabe are the subgroup of the Fulani.

These people have very specific views on physical beauty. Focus is on males. Philosophical constructs. Demeanor and emphasis on quiet reserve are focused on. Emphasis on valuing patience and fortitude. Valuing care and forethought. Physical beauty is often associated with goodness more broadly. The Wodaabe are well-known for their strict adherence to these ideas, and their adherence to Islam. Their name Wodaabe means people of the taboo, adhere very strictly to their way of life. Avoid influence through outside interference.

Use of cosmetics takes hours by men in Yaake (beauty competition). Contrast to dark skin, kohl across eyes and lips emphasizes whiteness. The teeth are

accentuated by blackening the lips.

Women wear kohl under their eyes.

Yaake: Charm competition of men of marrigiable age. Look more like grimaces to everyone else. Crossed eyes, skewed lips, etc. Use of cosmetics takes hours by men. Contrast to dark skin, kohl across eyes and lips emphasizes whiteness. The teeth are accentuated by blackening the lips.

3 clans:

San- Among the region’s earliest inhabitants. Still settled in many parts of southern Africa. Hunting and gathering, but some have settled. “Bushmen”

Bantu- Huge designation for lots of people. Bantu migration, SE Nigeria and Cameroon downward.

Nguni- Overarching group that includes Ndebele. Click sounds included in their languages. Ndebele clashed with white settlers and other black groups. Preserved their traditions and their languages.

Iporiyana: The main feature of traditional male dress is the breast plate or Iporiyana. Made from animal skin and each Ndebele clan is associated with a specific animal. Symbol of manhood.

Igabe: . Even very young girls wore an apron called a Igabe. Small apron with white beads. Becomes progressively more elaborate as they become older.

Isiphephetu- Apron given by mother

Itshogolo- Goat skin apron worn undecorated for her wedding, then she would begin to decorate it with beadwork and wear it to things such as her daughter’s initiation.

Amaphotho- Worn by married women. Beaded fringe is for women to have many children.

Dzilla- Wearing of neck rings. Rarely practiced. Very unhealthy. Very important sign of status and identity for some women.

Nguba- Blanket with broad stripes. The striped are worn running vertically. Good spiritual qualities.

Kente cloth is a type of silk and cotton fabric made of interwoven cloth strips and is native to the Akan people of Ghana and the Ivory Coast.

Prestige garment worn by elite Ghanaians that references the idea of Ghanaian tradition. Only men weave, very gender segregated. Specific patterns for specific events and things, Clinton cloth.

·         A group of people of the Upper Shingu River in the Amazon. Most prominent body art is use of body paint.

·         Kayapo live in Amazon basin, where they practice the slash and burn agriculture method.

·         They have used global media to gain international attention, establishing political power for themselves.

Gabriel Sagard-Thêodat 

Wendat family praying after their conversion to Christianity by Jesuits, drawing attributed to Jesuit missionary F.J. Bressani, 1657 

1562-64 Huguenots led by Ribault established a colony where Jacksonville stands today.

Saturiwa shows Laudonnière offerings made at Ribault’s marker at the mouth of the St. John’s River 

Jacques le Moyne de Morgues