Term
I. Basic Relations: 1. Conjoining
1.1 Coupling (Notional Structure nontemporal "and" relations) |
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Definition
a. Coupling with the same first term:
"He's short and he's fat."
b. Coupling with different first terms and without reciprocity: "He paints and his wife collects postage stamps."
c. Coupling with different first terms and with reciprocity: "She lectures to him, and he listens to her."
d. Parallel coupling: "I spit on your coat; I spit on your hat; I spit on your dress." "The men, women and children talk English." |
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Term
I. Basic Relations: 1. Conjoining
1.2 Contrast (Notional Structure "but" relations; at least two opposed pairs) |
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Definition
a. Contrast by negation:
"I went downtown but she didn't."
b. Contrast by antonyms:
"I went downtown but she stayed home."
"I belong to the Establishment during the week but to the Counter-Culture over the weekend."
c. Contrast by exception:
"Everybody went to sleep except Grandfather." "Nobody fell asleep except Grandfather." |
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Term
I. Basic Relations: 1. Conjoining
1.3 Comparison (degree conjoining) |
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Definition
"Bill is bigger than John."
"John loves Mary as much as he loves Sue."
"John loves Mary less than Bill loves Jane."
"Bill is the biggest." |
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Term
I. Basic Relations: 2. Alternation (Notional Structure "or" relations)
2.1 Two possible alternations |
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Definition
a. Alternation by negation
"Either he did it or he didn't."
b. Alternation by antonyms
"Is he alive or dead?"
"Either the man is working or his wife is working."
"Are you going to your village by canoe or by plane?" |
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Term
I. Basic Relations: 2. Alternation (Notional Structure "or" relations)
2.2 More than two alternatives |
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Definition
"Either John will come, or Mary will come, or Sue will come."
"Let's beg, borrow, or steal a watch."
"He'll come today, tomorrow, or sometime next week." |
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Term
I. Basic Relations: 3. Temporal
3.1 Temporal Overlap (Notional Structure "meanwhile" and "at the same time" relations") |
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Definition
a. Span-Span
"As he walked along he prayed."
b. Event-Span (and vice versa)
"He glanced back as he walked on."
"While he was walking, he stumbled."
c. Event-Event
"As I brought my head up, she tossed the knife." |
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Term
I. Basic Relations: 3. Temporal
3.2 Temporal Succession (Notional Structure "and then" relations) |
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Definition
a. Span-Span
"They played tennis for an hour, then swam for another hour."
b. Event-Span (and vice versa)
"He put the wood on the stove and then sat there for an hour."
"It rained all morning but cleared up about noon."
c. Event-Event
"He sat down, took the book, and opened it."
"He gave her some water, and she drank it." |
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Term
I. Basic Relations: 4. Implication
4.1 Conditionality (part 1) |
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Definition
a. Hypotheticality (unweighted Notional Structure "if" relations)
"If he comes, I'll go.""If she doesn't go, I won't go either."
b. Conditionality with universal quantifier
"Wherever you go, I'll be thinking of you." "Whomever we sent got lost." "Everyone who goes there gets lost." |
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Term
I. Basic Relations: 4. Implication
4.1 Conditionality (part 2) |
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Definition
c. Contingency (Notional Struc "if" plus temporal reference)
"You have to pay before you can occupy the room." "Then I will marry, when I have some money."
d. Proportion (correlative statements)
"The bigger they are, the harder they fall." "The harder I work, the less I seem to earn." |
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Term
I. Basic Relations: 4. Implication
4.2 Causation |
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Definition
a. Efficient cause (Notional Structure "because" relations)
"You came because your wife made you come."
b. Final cause (Notional Struc "in order to" relations")
"You came in order to get a free meal."
C. Circumstance (Notional Struc "in the circumstance that.." relations)
"Since he's doing his best, let's leave him alone." |
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Term
I. Basic Relations: 4. Implication
4.3 Contrafactuality |
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Definition
"Had he come, I would have gone."
"If he hadn't gone, I would have come." |
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Term
I. Basic Relations: 4. Implication
4.4 Warning |
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Definition
| "We shouldn't let our torches go out, because if we let our torches go out we won't find our way home." |
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Term
II. Elaborated Relations: 1. Paraphrase
1.1 Equivalence paraphrase |
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Definition
"He capitulated immediately; he surrendered on the spot."
"I went home; I went to the house."
"Shouldn't we call in the law, or notify the police, or get some sort of protection?" |
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Term
II. Elaborated Relations: 1. Paraphrase
1.2 Paraphrase employing negation |
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Definition
a. Negated antonym paraphrase
"It's not black; it's white." "It's white, not black."
b. Negated higher gradient paraphrase
"It's not hot, but it's warm." "He's a good man, but's he's no paragon of virtue."
c. Negated extremes paraphrase
"It's neither hot nor cold; it's just warm." |
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Term
II. Elaborated Relations: 1. Paraphrase
1.3 Generic-specific paraphrase |
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Definition
| "He cooked it, he fried it in vegetable oil." |
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Term
II. Elaborated Relations: 1. Paraphrase
1.4 Amplification paraphrase |
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Definition
| "He sang; he sang two songs." |
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Term
II. Elaborated Relations: 1. Paraphrase
1.5 Specific-generic paraphrase |
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Definition
| "They dug up Assyrian ruins; they did some excavation." |
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Term
II. Elaborated Relations: 1. Paraphrase
1.6 Contradiction paraphrase |
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Definition
"I won't go to see him; I just won't go."
"We'll bury the fish in the ashes, we'll hide (it)." |
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Term
II. Elaborated Relations: 1. Paraphrase
1.7 Summary paraphrase |
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Definition
| "John works at the sawmill; Jim at the repair shop; and Al at the printshop-- that's what they're all doing." |
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Term
II. Elaborated Relations: 2. Illustration
2.1 Simile (requires at least one point of similarity) |
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Definition
"She is like a rose."
"She acts like a baby." |
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Term
II. Elaborated Relations: 2. Illustration
2.2 Exemplification |
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Definition
"Choose a good name, e.g. Michael."
"Any color will do: either red, white, green, or blue." |
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Term
II. Elaborated Relations: 3. Deixis (any sort of identificational-contrastive pointing)
3.1 Introduction |
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Definition
| a. "There was a young man named Amkidit, he lived on the mountain." |
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Term
II. Elaborated Relations: 3. Deixis (any sort of identificational-contrastive pointing)
3.2 Identification |
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Definition
"The Spanish picked him up on their way, and he was the one who showed the way up here."
"Kimboy went back and got a hammer, and that was what they used." |
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Term
II. Elaborated Relations: 3. Deixis (any sort of identificational-contrastive pointing)
3.3 Other Deixis |
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Definition
"There was a man called Peter; he was an electrician."
"Peter was an electrician; he worked for Thomas Smothers." |
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Term
II. Elaborated Relations: 4. Attribution
4.1 Speech attribution (quotations) (speaker-spoken relations) |
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Definition
"'Yesterday,' he said, 'I saw her at the fair.'"
"He says that he saw her at the fair yesterday."
"He thought, 'I've seen her somewhere before.'" |
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Term
II. Elaborated Relations: 4. Attribution
4.2 Awareness attribution (knowledge) (knower-known relation) |
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Definition
"I know that he's coming."
"I saw that he was in a bad mood." |
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Term
III. Frustration Relations: 1. Frustration (involves a normal expect. as a presupp. and 4 poss. elements: a propos., blocking circum., reverse of expect., &a surrogate that occurs instead)
1.1 Frustrated coupling (frame) |
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Definition
| "She's fat but she's not sloppy." |
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Term
III. Frustration Relations: 1. Frustration (involves a normal expect. as a presupp. and 4 poss. elements: a propos., blocking circum., reverse of expect., & a surrogate that occurs instead)
1.2 Frustrated succession (script) |
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Definition
| "They started out for Paris, but someone slipped a time bomb into their car and/so they never arrived." |
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Term
III. Frustration Relations: 1. Frustration (involves a normal expect. as a presupp. and 4 poss. elements: a propos., blocking circum., reverse of expect., & a surrogate that occurs instead)
1.3 Frustrated overlap |
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Definition
"He drives down crowded streets, but doesn't look out for pedestrians."
"He drives down crowded streets, but doesn't look for pedestrains, so he struck a child the other day." |
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Term
III. Frustration Relations: 1. Frustration (involves a normal expect. as a presupp. and 4 poss. elements: a propos., blocking circum., reverse of expect., &a surrogate that occurs instead)
1.4 Frustrated hypothesis |
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Definition
| "Even if she comes, I'm not going to go with her." |
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Term
III. Frustration Relations: 1. Frustration (involves a normal expect. as a presupp. and 4 poss. elements: a propos., blocking circum., reverse of expect., &a surrogate that occurs instead)
1.5 Frustrated contingency |
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Definition
| "Even when I have the Money, I'm not going to get married." |
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Term
III. Frustration Relations: 1. Frustration (involves a normal expect. as a presupp. and 4 poss. elements: a propos., blocking circum., reverse of expect., &a surrogate that occurs instead)
1.6 Frustrated efficient cause |
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Definition
| "He was poisoned but he didn't die." |
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Term
| III. Frustration Relations: 1. Frustration (involves a normal expect. as a presupp. and 4 poss. elements: a propos., blocking circum., reverse of expect., &a surrogate that occurs instead) 1.7 Frustrated final cause |
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Definition
| "He came, but didn't get a free meal." |
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Term
III. Frustration Relations: 1. Frustration (involves a normal expect. as a presupp. and 4 poss. elements: a propos., blocking circum., reverse of expect., &a surrogate that occurs instead)
1.8 Frustrated attribution |
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Definition
"He SAYS that she is intelligent."
"He says that she is intelligent, but she really isn't."
"I thought that you were quite wrong, but you weren't." |
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Term
III. Frustration Relations: 1. Frustration (involves a normal expect. as a presupp. and 4 poss. elements: a propos., blocking circum., reverse of expect., &a surrogate that occurs instead)
1.9 Frustrated Modality (frustrated inertial guidance systems) |
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Definition
a. Frustrated intent "I intended to go, but some friends dropped in, so I didn't."
b. Frustrated obligation
"I should have gone, but I didn't."
c. Frustrated facility (ability)
"I could have promoted him, but I didn't." |
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