Medial attachment: glenoid margin, glenoid labrum, and coracoid process

Lateral attachment: Humeral anatomical neck and descends 1 cm on humeral shaft

coracoid process to greater and lesser tubercles of humerus

Primary Fxn: reinforce biceps tendon, reinforce superior JC, prevents caudal dislocation of humerus

Taut: ER

Strong triangular ligament; coracoid to acromion

not a true ligament

Glenoid labrum (near long head of biceps) --> lesser tubercle

Reinforce anterior glenohumeral joint

act as static restraints to excessive anterior translation

Glenoid labrum (by SGHL) to lesser tubercle

reinforces anterior GH capsule

act as static restraints to excessive anterior translation

glenoid labrum to humeral head

reinforces anterior GH capsule

act as static restraints to excessive anterior translation

covers the bicipital groove

acts as a retinaculum for long head of biceps tendon

1. Stabilizes the AC joint

2. prevents upward displacement of the humeral head and seperation of scapula from clavicle

3. Covers supraspinatus muscle

4. can be involved with impingement

5. composed of trapeziod and conoid ligaments

1. encloses the entire elbow joint complex

2. thin both anteriorly and posteriorly

3. continuous medially w/ UCL

4. continuous laterally with RCL

1. stabilizes humeroulnar joint (medially)

2. triangle shapped with 3 parts

1. supports the humeroradial joint laterally

2. fan shapped

3. stronger than the ulnar collateral ligament

1. osteofibrous ring that surrounds the head of the humerus

2. inner surface lined w/ fibrocartilage

3. taut in extremes of pronation and supination

4. protects radial head, exp in semiflexed position where it is very unstable

1. extends from radial notch of ulna to neck of radius

2. reinforces inferior JC, maintains radial head in opposition to ulna, and limites amt of spin in supination and pronation

1. support the distal radioulnar joint

2. strengthen the joint capsule

1. Stabilizes the radiocarpal joint medially

2. Limits ulnar deviation

1. support the MCP joints

2. becomes tight in flexion (volar fibers become taut with extension)

3. run from lateral condyle to distal phalanx and lateral volar plate

** NOTE: IP collateral ligaments DO NOT become taut during flexion

1. @ MCP joints

2. provides stability linking MCP joints and providing reinforcement to anterior capsule

1. Fibrous mechanism on the dorsum of each finger

2. fibrous expansion of the extensor digitorum tendon

3. assits with extension of the PIP and DIP joints

1. MCP, PIP, and DIP joitns all have fibrous capsules

2. strong bu lax and supported by ligaments

1. radiocarpal joint shares fibrous capsule w/ midcarpal joint

2. thicker palmarly and dorsally

3. radiocarpal joint typically has its own synovial membrane

1. on the palmar aspect of the MCP, PIP and DIP joints

2. thickening of the joint capsules

3. Increases articular surface during extension and protects the joint volarly

4. is more mobile @ MCP than IPs

1. triangular shaped made up of fibrocartilaginous ring

2. thickest superiorly

3. attaches to bony rim of acetabulum, bridging the acetabular notch

4. deepens the acetabulum

5. inner surface lined with articular cartilage and outer surface conencts to JC

1. 2 bands starting at ASIS

-->medial goes to distal intertrochanteric line

-->Lateral goes to proximal intertrochanteric line

2. very strong ligament

3. resists extension and external rotation

4. lateral band is taut with abduction

1. runs from ischium and posterior acetabulum superiorly and laterally

2. blends with zona artiularis and attaches to greater trochanter

3. taut with extension, IR and abduction

1. from iliopectineal eminence, superior rami of pubis, obturator crest, and octurator membrane laterally blending with capsule

2. inserts into distal intertrochanteric line (like med. part of iliofemoral lig)

3. taut with abduction, extension, and ER

1. Runs in a circular pattern around the femoral neck

2. no bony attachments

3. helps hold head of femur in acetabulum

1. 12-14 cm long

2. medial ASIS to pubic tubercle

3. forms tunnel for mms, arteries, veins, and nerves

1. surrounds the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus

2. provides stability by blending with the MCL and LCL

3. Inner wall covered by a synovium

4. cylinder shaped w/ posterior invagination

5. posteriorly divides cavity into medial and lateral halves

6. anteriorly has a window cut out for patella

1. medial aspect of medial femoral condyle to upper end of tibia

2. posterior fibers blend with capsule (and medial mensicus??)

3. Taut in extension and slack in flexion

4. prevents ER

5. provides stability against valgus F (esp. b/t full extension and 30 degrees of flexion)

6. runs in same direction as ACL

1. lateral femoral condyle to head of fibula

2. no capsular attachment

3. runs obliquely inferiorly and posteriorly, like PCL

4. taut in extension, lax in flexion

5. prevents ER

6. provides stability against varus F (exp. b/t extension and 30 degrees flexion)

1. anterior (medial aspect) intercondylar fossa of tibia to medial aspect of lateral femoral condyle

2. runs oblique superiorly and laterally

3. extracapsular (but more correctly a thickening of the capsule)

4. checks forward gliding of tibia on femur

5. limits IR of tibia during flexion as it twists around the PCL

6. remains taut throughout knee AROM

1. posterior (lateral) intercondylar fossa to lateral surface of medial condyle

2. runs oblique medially and anteriorly-superiorly

3. chects posterior displacement of tibia on femur

4. tuat throughout knee AROM

1. runs with PCL

2. attaches below posterior horn of lateral meniscus

3. inserts into lateral aspect of medial condyle (like PCL)

1. inserts into expansion from semimembranosus tendon

2. partially blends with JC

3. forms floor of popliteal fossa

4. in contact w/ popliteal anterior A

5. strengthens posterior medial JC

1. y-shaped; commonly described as having 2 bands

2. stem attaches to fibular head

-->medial band attaches to posterior border of intercondylar tibial area

-->lateral band extends to lateral epicondyle of femur

3. strengthens posterolateral JC

1. inferolateral patellar edges to lateral border of each menisci

2. pulls menisci forward with extension

1. @ anterior aspect of the joint

2. reinforces JC anteriorly

1. located @ posterior aspect of the joint

2. reinforces JC posteriorly

1. Large and C-shaped, fairly stable

2. firmly attached to MCL and fibrous capsule laterally

3. semimembranosus mm and medial meniscopatellar ligament also attach to it

1. smaller than medial meniscus

2. more circular shaped

3. attachments: popliteus mm, lateral meniscopatellar ligament, and meniscofemoral ligament

4. seperated from LCL by lateral JC and popliteus mm tendon

1. Deepen tibial fossa

2. increase congruency of tibiofemoral joint

3. provides stability to tibitfemoral joint

4. provides shock absorption and lubrication to knee

5. reduces friection during movement

6. improves weight distribution

1. quadricep tendon attaches to patella superiorly

2. becomes the patellar tendon-->attaches to the tibial tubercle

3. vastus medialis and vastus lateralis mm tendons form medial and lateral retinaculum

4. IT band attaches to lateral patellar border

1. Uniaxial synovial hinge joints

2. Concave distal phalnge on convex proximal phalange

3. Movements: Flexion and Extension

1. fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane

2. strengthened by collateral, anterior, and posterior ligaments

3. thin anteriorly and posteriorly

4. thickened laterally

1. posterior articulation has own capsule with synovial membrane

2. anterior articulation has capsule w/ synovial membrane that includes the talonavicular joint

1. Fibrous capsule w/ synovial lining

2. shared with anterior subtalar joint

1. (I) fibrous capsule with synovial membrane

2. (I) from other tarsal articulations

1. 1st MT with medial cunieform

2. 2nd and 3rd cunieform JC continuous with intercuneiform and cuneonavicular joint cavity

3. 3rd cuneiform and 4th MT base JC encloses 4th MT with cuboid and 3rd cuneiform

1. supports the talocrural joint medially

2. made up of anterior talotibial ligament, posterior talotibial ligament, and deltoid ligament

1. supports talocrural joint laterally

2. made up of anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, and posterior talofibular ligament

1. Broad, dense band of longitudinally arranged collagen fibers

2. medial calcaneus to phalanges

3. fascia tightens with DF of MTP joints as occurs with push-off (windlass effect)

4. tightening of fascia causes supination of calcaneus and inversion of subtalar joing creating rigid lever for push-off

1. runs from calcaneus to MT heads

2. long plantar ligament supports lateral longitudinal arch

1. dynamically stabilized by action of fibularis longus, posterior tibialis, and intrinsic mms

2. statically supported by plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

1. formed by cuneiform and cuboid bones

2. supported by MT heads

3. acts as a musculoligamentous complex preventing MT heads from spreading out

1. inner gelatinous center (nucleus pulposus): mainly water, maintained in central position by annular rings firmly attached superior and inferiorly to adjacent v. bodies

2. outer structure made of layers of concentric fibers (anulus fibrosis)

3. disc is flexible and similar to shock absorber that serves to dissipate compressive loads

1. concentric layers/lamallae composed of collage (type II) and fibrocartilage

2. 65% water

3. outer 1/3 innervated by branches from sinovertebral nerve

4. Function: sustain compressive, torsional, shearing, and distraction loads

1gel with imbibing capabilities composed of water and proteoglycans with minimal amt of collagen

2. 70-90% water

3. avascual and aneural

4. makes up 10-33% of v. column height

5. Functions: sustain compressive, torsional, shearing, and distraction loads

1. structure continuous with annulus fibrosis and nuculous pulposis

2. sits inside ring of apophysis of vertebral body

3. composed of proteogylcans, collagen, and water as well as both fibrocartilage (side closest to disc) and hyaline cartilage (side closest to v.body)

4. provides passive diffusion of nutrients

1. assist ligaments in providing limitation of motion and stability in spine

2. strongest in thoracolumbar and cervicothoracic regions

1. synovial capsule

2. very prominent anteriorly

3. posteriorly it is lost w/in posterior interosseus ligament

1. provides stability of the vertebral column when a F is applied

2. acts as a corset when tension is created by contraction of the abs, gluts, and lumbar mms

1. along posterior aspect of v. bodies within the v. canal

2. narrower and weaker than the ALL

3. prevents hyperflexion and posterior protrusion of the nucleus pulposus

1. covers/connects anterior aspects of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

2. broad-band

3. prevents hyperextension and supports the intervertebral disc

1. superior band: L4 TP to iliac crest

2. inferior band: L5 TP to iliac crest, ant surface of SIJ and lateral sacral ala

3. provide structural support to lower L-spine

4. connect sacrum and ilium to L-spine

1. Connects the sides of the dens to the occiput

2. check side to side  movements when the head is turned

1. covers the dens and its ligaments

2. is a continuation of the PLL

1. dense fibrous conn tissue

2. avascular and aneural

3. divides the joint cavity into sup and inf compartments

4. more firmly attached to the mandible than the temporal bone

 5. biconcave shape creating "self seating" effect: prevents anterior displacement of the disc to the condyle

1. thin fibrous capsule attached to margins of the articular area on temporal bone and around neck of mandible

2. articular mechano-Rs that provide kinesthetic and perceptional awareness of the mandible are in the JC

3. highly vascular synovial fluid membrane supplies nutrients to nonvascularized tissues in the capsule

1. composed of superior and inferior lamina

2. retrodiscal pad b/t two lamina

3. Superior lamina: fibroelastic tissue with a high elastin content; counteracts forward pull of superior lateral pterygoid mm on articular disc

4. interior lamina: mainly collagenous fibers w/ little elasic tissue

1. seperates the bilaminar zone of the TMJ

2. loose neurovascular connective tissue