Term
which of the following substances acts at the NMJ to excite the muscle fibers of the motor unit?
acetylcholine
ATP
creatine phosphate
serotonin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following muscle fiber types would be most benificial for a powerlifter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when throwing a baseball, the athletes arm is rapidly stretched just prior to throwing the ball. what structure detects and responds to that stretch by reflexively increasing muscle activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a college volleyball player begins resistance training for the first time. what muscle fiber types will hypertrophy first?
fast twitch
slow twitch
muscle spindle
intrafusal muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a 22 yr old soccer player begins resistance training for the first time. his chosen exercises include those for all major muscle groups. after 3 weeks, he notices an increase in lower extremity strength. which of the following best explains this athletes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following results from adding resistance training to a marathoners aerobic exercise training program?
max o2 uptake increases
max o2 uptake decreases
short-term endurance may improve
long-term endurance may improve |
|
Definition
| short term endurance may improve |
|
|
Term
a weightlifter adds 30 min of intense (>75% VO2max) stationary bicycle riding every other day to her resistance training program. which of the following describes the effect this addition will have on her performance?
strength gains are compromised
stre |
|
Definition
| strength gains are compromised |
|
|
Term
| a bundle of muscle fibers is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
to which of the following structures do the cross-bridges attach during muscle action?
actin
myosin
m-bridge
sarcolemma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following substances regulates muscle actions?
potassium
calcium
phosphorus
selenium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following best describes what occurs during a concentric muscle action?
resistance is greater than muscle force
resistance is equal to muscle force
resistance is less than muscle force
negative energy is produced |
|
Definition
| resistance is less than muscle force |
|
|
Term
which of the following will increase force produced during a concentric muscle action?
1. agonist prestretching
2. more calcium released in the myofibril
3. decreased activity of the antagonist muscle group
4. faster muscle action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced muscle size and strength |
|
|
Term
the knee joint can be described as
cartilaginous
synovial
axial
multiaxial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most human limbs operate as which class of lever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following defines power?
mass * acceleration
force * distance
force * velocity
torque * time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
to compare performances of lifters of different body weights, the classical formula divides the lift by
body weight
body weight squared
lean body weight
body weight to the 2/3 power |
|
Definition
| body weight to the 2/3 power |
|
|
Term
during free weight exercise, muscle force varies with which of the following?
1. perpendicular distance from the weight to the body joint
2. joint angle
3. movement velocity
4. movement velocity squared |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a vertical jump involves knee, hip, and shoulder movement in primarily which plane?
sagital
perpendicular
frontal
transverse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a person is performing a concentric isokinetic elbow flexion and extension exercise. which of the following types of levers occur at the elbow during this exercise?
first class
second class
third class |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
resistance exercise programs designed to stimulate new bone formation should emphasize all of the following EXCEPT
loading specificity
metabolic specificity
progressive overload
variation in exercise selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a 50 year old female triathlete is concerned about osteoporosis, which of the following exercises would be MOST beneficial for improving her bone mineral density?
front squat
leg (knee) extension
bench press
lat pulldown |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a 17 year old HS cross country runner has been training aerobically for 6 months in preparation for the upcoming season. which of the following adaptations will occur in the muscles during that time?
1.increased concentration of glycolytic enzymes
2. hy |
|
Definition
| 4. hypertrophy of type I fibers |
|
|
Term
which of the following is NOT a primary function of cartilage?
1. aids in the attachment of muscle to bone
2. allows smooth articulation between bones in a joint
3. connects bones together
4. improves shock absorption in joints |
|
Definition
| (3) connects bones together |
|
|
Term
which ofthe following occurs as a result of a combination of heavy resistance training and aerobic training?
a. decreased cartilage thickness
b. joint degeneration
c. increased cartilage thickness
d. decreased collagen amount |
|
Definition
| c. increased cartilage thickness |
|
|
Term
in general, which of the following types of tissue has the poorest blood supply?
a. bone
b. muscle
c. tendon
d. cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following is the ultimate source of energy for contraction?
a. GTP
b. O2
c. NADH
d. ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following can be metabolized anaerobically?
a. protein
b. carbohydrate
c. fat
d. glycerol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the energy system used depends primarily on the athlete's
a. exercise intensity
b. exercise duration
c. state of training
d. body composition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the production of lactic acid results from the activation of
a. the phosphagen system
b. slow glycolysis
c. fast glycolysis
d. fat oxidation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following pathways/systems has the highest rate of energy production?
a. phosphagen system
b. fast glycolysis
c. fat oxidation
d. carbohydrate oxidation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in the oxidative system approximately how many ATPs are produced from the degradation of 1 glucose molecule?
a. 27
b. 36
c. 38
d. 41 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following pathways/systems supports the initiation of all exercise?
a. oxidative system
b. phosphagen system
c. slow glycolysis
d. fast glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following enzymes catalyzes the rate limiting step of glycolysis?
a. PFK
b. isocitrate dehydrogenase
c. phosphorylase
d. lactate dehydrogenase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
following a bout of resistance exercise training, acute hormonal secretions provide all the following information to the body EXCEPT the
a. amount of physiological stress
b. metabolic demands of exercise
c. type of physiological stress
d. energy expe |
|
Definition
| a. amount of physiological stress |
|
|
Term
which of the following hormones enhance muscle tissue growth
I. growth hormone
II. cortisol
III. IGF
IV. progesterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
growth hormone provides all of the following physiological roles EXCEPT
a. increased lipolysis
b. decreased collagen synthesis
c. increased amino acid transport
d. decreased glucose utilization |
|
Definition
| b. decreased collagen synthesis |
|
|
Term
which of the following hormones has the greatest influence on neural changes?
a. growth hormone
b. testosterone
c. cortisol
d. IGF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following hormone levels is higher in women than in men at rest?
a. cortisol
b. insulin
c. testosterone
d. growth hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
through which of the following valves does blood flow after contraction of the left ventricle?
a. aortic
b. mitral (bicuspid)
c. pulmonary
d. tricuspid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
from which of the following is the hearts electrical impulse normally initiated?
a. av node
b. sa node
c. the brain
d. sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following occurs during the QRS complex of a typical ECG?
I. depolarization of the atrium
II. repolarization of the atrium
III. repolarization of the ventricle
IV. depolarization of the ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in what portion of the lungs does gas exchange occur?
a. bronchus
b. trachea
c. alveoli
d. pleura |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each beat is the
a. cardiac output
b. a-vo2 difference
c. heart rate
d. stroke volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
all of the following normally increase during aerobic exercise EXCEPT:
a. end diastolic volume
b. cardiac contractility
c. cardiac output
d. diastolic blood pressure |
|
Definition
| d. diastolic blood pressure |
|
|
Term
which of the following best describes the change in stroke volume during heavy resistance exercise?
a. increases
b. decreases by 50%
c. stays the same
d. increases, then plateuas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the mean arterial pressure is defines as:
a. average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle
b. average of systolic and diastolic blood pressures
c. average systolic blood pressure during exercise
d. average of blood pressure and heart rate |
|
Definition
| a. average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle |
|
|
Term
high intensity, low repetition resistance training results in which of the following adaptations?
a. increased capillary density
b. decreased tidal volume
c. improved o2 extraction
d. no change in maximal o2 uptake |
|
Definition
| a. increased capillary density |
|
|
Term
which of the following is an early adjustment to acclimatizing to high altitude?
a. decreased tidal volume
b. decreased respiration rate
c. increased resting cardiac output
d. increased stroke volume |
|
Definition
| c. increased resting cardiac output |
|
|
Term
after which of the following maximal exercise scenarios would the lactic acid concentrations be the highest in the muscles?
a. duration 15s
b. duration 30s
c. duration 2 min
d. intermittent of 20s each |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
chronic training involving the fast glycolysis energy system results in improved buffering of which of the following substances?
a. blood protein
b. hydrogen ions
c. blood lactate
d. glycogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
primary training adaptations of elite aerobically trained athletes include which of the following?
I. increased maximal oxygen uptake
II. decreased blood lactate concentration
III. increased running economy
IV. decreased capillary density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following is least likely to change with overtraining in a college wrestler?
a. maximal anaerobic sprint performance
b. increased muscle strength at various movement velocities
c. resting heart rate
d. mood state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a sprinter just completed a semi-final 800m sprint. which of the following should he do to facilitate removal of lactic acid from the blood in preparation for the finals?
a. perform stretching exercises
b. sit in a shady area
c. perform moderate intens |
|
Definition
| c. perform moderate intensity jogging |
|
|
Term
long term recovery from exercise is best achieved with:
a. proper nutritional intake
b. cold water immersion
c. a proper cool down
d. massage of the agonist muscles |
|
Definition
| a. proper nutritional intake |
|
|
Term
following detraining, endurance athletes first notice a decline in maximal
a. strength
b. power
c. oxygen consumption
d. heart size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
when males and females are compared relative to muscle cross-sectional area, it appears that the potential for force production is:
a. greater in males
b. greater in females
c. equal in males and females
d. dependent upon body weight |
|
Definition
| c. equal in males and females |
|
|
Term
which of the following is the most significant adaptation to chronic resistance training in older adults?
a. increased cardiovascular fitness
b. improved blood lipid profile
c. increased muscle mass
d. improved flexibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
an 8 yr old boy has observed dramatic increases in his upper-body strength following 6 months of resistance training. which of the following is most likely to be responsible for this gain?
a. increased number of muscle fibers
b. increased size of muscle |
|
Definition
| d. improved neuromuscular functioning |
|
|
Term
growth cartilage in children is located in all of the following locations EXCEPT:
a. the diaphysis
b. the epiphyseal plate
c. the joint surface
d. apophyseal insertion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
all of the following are likely benifits of preadolescent resistance training EXCEPT increased:
a. resistance to injury
b. 1RM strength
c. muscle hypertrophy
d. bone density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the condition characterized by a bone mineral density more than 2.5 SD below the young adult mean is called:
a. sarcopenia
b. osteopenia
c. osteoporosis
d. scoliosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following should be evaluated first when designing a training program for a 68 yr old competitive female tennis player?
a. cardiovascular fitness
b. lower body strength
c. balance and agility
d. medical history |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
deconditioned college female athletes who participate in sports such as basketball and soccer appear to be at increased risk for developing injuries to the:
a. back
b. knee
c. growth plate
d. head |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
during the closing seconds of a basketball game, an athletes team is down by one point and he has been awarded two free throw shots. the player is apprehensive about the outcome ofthe game. which of the following best describes the athletes situation?
a. |
|
Definition
| b. he is experiencing state anxiety |
|
|
Term
an olympic weightlifter attempting a personal record is able to ignore the audience to concentrate solely on her performance. which of the following abilities is this athlete most likely using to perform the lift?
a. selective attention
b. somatic anxie |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
prior to performing the long jump, an athlete reviews and concentrates on the technique required to jump as far as possible. which of the following strategies is the athlete using to prepare for the jump?
a. focusing on task relevant cues
b. reliance on |
|
Definition
| a. focusing on task relevant cues |
|
|
Term
which of the following is most important to achieving the ideal performance state?
a. fear of failure
b. analyzing performance
c. broad focus on the activity and the environment
d. personal control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
an athletes desire to perform to his/her potential is an example of:
a. motive to avoid failure
b. dissociation
c. intrinsic motivation
d. achievement motivation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
for the high school football team, if any player squats two times his bodyweight, his name is placed on the wall. this is an example of:
a. negative reinforcement
b. positive reinforcement
c. negative punishment
d. positive punishment |
|
Definition
| b. positive reinforcement |
|
|
Term
how does an athlete's amount, or latitude, of optimal arousal change with limited skill and ability of the activity?
a. it increases
b. it decreases
c. it has no effect
d. performance improves with greater arousal |
|
Definition
|
|
