Term
| Protein is the only macronutrient to contain the element _______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How many different amino acids are needed in the body? How many are essential? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What kind of reaction is necessary to form any type of polypeptide from 2+ single amino acids? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Primary structure of protein |
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Definition
| the order of amino acids in a chain |
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|
Term
| Secondary structure of protein |
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Definition
| the type of spiraling of the chain |
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Term
| Tertiary structure of protein |
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Definition
| The 3D shape of the protein |
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Term
| Quaternary structure of protein |
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Definition
| when 2+ tertiary structures come together to form a new structure |
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Term
| DNA sequence of aas determines ______ which determines _______ ! |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is an example of a disease caused by a change in the primary structure of the protein? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______ caused by _____ causes a protein to lose its function. |
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Definition
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Term
| The 11 nonessential amino acids can be made in the body through the process of __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| List some protein functions |
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Definition
1. Cell growth, repair and maintenance + body structure
2. Enzymes and hormones
3. Fluid balance (prevent edema)
4. Maintain pH balance
5. Immunity
6. Transport of nutrients
7. Energy source when needed |
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Term
| What disease does the fluid balance function of protein prevent? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is an example of a protein that transport nutrients? |
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Definition
| Lipoproteins! (chylomicron, LDL, HDL, VLDL) |
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Term
| Steps of protein digestion |
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Definition
1. Mouth: proteins crushed by chewing, moistened by saliva
2. Stomach: HCl denatures protein; Pepsin breaks protein down into indiv aas
3. Small intestine: proteases and peptidases complete breakdown of polypeptides into aas
4. Liver: aas transported to liver via portal vein; from here, used as necessary |
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Term
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Definition
| A rapid, severe allergic reaction |
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Term
| There is a storage form of protein. True or false? |
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Definition
| False! there is NO storage form of protein! |
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Term
| What does it mean to be the limiting amino acid? |
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Definition
It is an essential amino acid that is missing or in the smallest supply
---> which slows down or halts protein sythesis |
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Term
|
Definition
A measure of how efficiently a protein in the diet can be used to make body proteins
- highest quality generally contain all 9 essential aas |
|
|
Term
| What does nitrogen balance mean? |
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Definition
nitrogen intake = nitrogen output
total body protein does not change! |
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|
Term
| What does negative nitrogen balance mean? |
|
Definition
Nitrogen intake < nitrogen output
total body protein decreases |
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|
Term
| What does positive nitrogen balance mean? |
|
Definition
Nitrogen intake > nitrogen output
total body protein increases |
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|
Term
| What does deamination mean? why does it occur? |
|
Definition
the removal of an amine group from an amino acid
- occurs bc helps remove excess nitrogen from system by excreting it in urine and remaining carbon backbone used for energy production |
|
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Term
| What are 2 types of proteins? Which one is used in gluconeogenesis? |
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Definition
1) Ketogenic proteins
2) Glucogenic proteins -- used in gluconeogenesis |
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|
Term
| What are 2 common forms of protein-energy malnutrition? |
|
Definition
1) Kwashiorkor
2) Marasmus |
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|
Term
| What is Kwashiorkor? What are some of the symptoms? |
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Definition
Disease resulting from extremely low protein intake
Symptoms include: muscle wasting; edema (causes distention of belly); retarded growth + dvpmt |
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|
Term
| What is Marasmus? What are some of the symptoms? |
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Definition
Disease resulting from severely inadequate intakes of protein, energy and other nutrients
Symptoms include: waste of muscle tissue; stunted physical and brain dvpmt; anemia |
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Term
| What are some effects of excessive protein consumption? |
|
Definition
- High cholesterol
- Increased risk of kidney disease
- Dehydration |
|
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Term
| What are the 4 forms of energy OUT? |
|
Definition
1) Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
2) Physical Activity (PA)
3) Thermal Effect of Food (TEF)
4) Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What method is used to measure kcalories in food? |
|
Definition
| Direct calorimetry using a bomb calorimeter |
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|
Term
| What energy out category accounts for ~60-70% of total energy expenditure (TEE)? |
|
Definition
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
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|
Term
| What activities does basal metabolic rate include? |
|
Definition
Involuntary activities:
Respiration,
circulation,
body temperature,
synthesis of new cells + hormones;
nerve signals;
fluid balance |
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|
Term
| Lean body mass varies with body _____ and body ______ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the TEF and how much of TEE does it take up? |
|
Definition
Thermic Effect of food means the energy used in food digestion, absorption, transport and storage of nutrients
- takes up 5-10% of total energy expenditure |
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|
Term
| Thermic Effect of Food higher for _____ and ______ than for ______ [energy-yielding nutrients] |
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Definition
| higher for carbs and protein than for fat |
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|
Term
| What is the most variable of energy outputs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Physical Activity (PA) have a dual effect on output? |
|
Definition
1) increases energy expenditure during and after exercise
2) increases Lean Body Mass which increases Basal Metabolic Rate |
|
|
Term
| How to measure energy expenditure in humans? |
|
Definition
use a direct calorimetry chambe (expensive tho!)
- measures released heat! |
|
|
Term
| What is indirect calorimetry based on? |
|
Definition
based on energy metabolism equation
macronutrients + O2 => ATP + CO2 + H2O + heat
- measures O2 in to CO2 out |
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|
Term
| How does body fat distribution increase chronic disease risk? |
|
Definition
| More abdominal fat = higher risk [apple shaped] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis
--> includes activities such as walking, standing, and sitting |
|
|
Term
| What should waist circumference stay under to reduce chronic disease risk? |
|
Definition
35in for women
40in for men |
|
|
Term
| In terms of contribution to total body fat, how much does genetics vs. nongenetic factors contribute? (in %) |
|
Definition
| 25% genetics and 75% nongenetic factors |
|
|
Term
| What does the thrifty gene theory state? |
|
Definition
| When starvation was an issue, gene to conserve more/expend less energy took over |
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|
Term
| What is the set-point theory? |
|
Definition
states that body will try to maintain a set body weight
- ^BMR +fidgeting when ^E intake
- decr BMR when low E intake |
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|
Term
| What hormone that is released from fat do obese people have a lot of but aren't sensitive to? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What hormones are involved in decreasing feeding? |
|
Definition
- Leptin (stomach)
- Insulin (pancreas)
- CCK (small intestine)
- PPY (gut - obese have less) |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are involved in increasing feeding? |
|
Definition
- NPY (hypothalamus)
- Ghrelin (stomach) |
|
|
Term
| How many genes markers and chromosome regions have been linked to obesity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate BMR? |
|
Definition
Men: 24kcal/kg/day
Women: 23kcal/kg/day |
|
|
Term
| What factors increase BMR? |
|
Definition
- Being younger
- growing taller
- increasing Lean Body Mass
- being an athlete
- pregnancy/lactation |
|
|
Term
What 5 criteria are possible when one is diagnosed with Metabolic Syndrome?
(need to meet 3 to be diagnosed) |
|
Definition
1- Waist size: >40 in men; >35 in women
2- Trigs >150mg/dL
3- HDL-C: Male<40; Female<50mg/dL
4- BP >130/85mmHg
5- Fasting blood glucose >110mg/dL |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered "vital amines" to cure rickets, scurvy, pellagra and beriberi? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What nutrient deficiency causes rickets? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What nutrient deficiency causes pellagra? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What nutrient deficiency causes beriberi? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What nutrient deficiency causes scurvy? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How to absorb fat [and fat-soluble vitamins]? |
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Definition
Bile acids from liver, digestive enzymes from pancreas, functional small intestine
- anything that disrupts absorption of lipids thru small intestine leads to vitamin deficiency
- gut bacteria produces little vitamin K, need to eat it! |
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Term
| All [synthetic and naturally occurring] compounds that have Vitamin A activity are called _____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Retinol is converted to either _____ or _____ _____. What are the function of these 2 things? |
|
Definition
1. retinal - aids in visual cycle
2. retinoic acid (RA) - all Vitamin A functions except visual cycle |
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|
Term
| ____% of Vitamin A is used in visual cycle with compound _____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| All mammalian vertebrate life is not possible without this metabolite made from retinol. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Nyctalopia or "night blindness" is caused by depletion of ______ due to Vitamin _ deficiency |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What disease causes tunnel vision due to retinal depletion from Vitamin A deficiency? What is tunnel vision? |
|
Definition
Nyctalopia, most apparent at night
- Tunnel vision is loss of peripheral vision |
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|
Term
| Retinoic acid essential for: |
|
Definition
1. reproduction
2. formation of placenta
3. dvpmt of embryo
4. programs essential function of epithelial cells for adults (to dvp and function)
5. Nervous system
6. Immune system |
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Term
| Where do epithelia (programmed by retinoic acid) exist? |
|
Definition
- skin
- digestive system
- respiratory system
- eye
- reproductive organs |
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|
Term
| What disease occurs to the eye when there is no retinoic acid for the epithelia? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| We get most of our vitamin A through vegetables with _____ which is a provitamin A |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Carotenoids are converted to Vitamin A by _____ and sent to ____ for storage. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Vitamin A deficiency is the ____ most common deficiency in the underdeveloped world (seen first in children). |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Without retinoic acid stem cells in testis cannot ______ and form separate sperm (forms multinucleated giant cells) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Retinoic acid can be a _______ at toxic levels. This can cause defects/impairment in dvpmt. |
|
Definition
| teratogen [the impairment of dvpmt is called teratogenicity] |
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Term
| Retinoic acid is useful in treating |
|
Definition
- acute cystic acne
- psoriasis
- wrinkles
- measles (in ppl in undvpd countries where children are very deplete in RA) |
|
|
Term
| What protein forms a protective barrier on your skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skin color/eye color is a function how many _____ are available in skin. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Retinoic acid regulates at least _____ to _____ genes which produce new proteins to change cell function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Action of RA on stem cells vs on daughter cells |
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Definition
Stem cells: programming them to mature/differentiate or prevents them from maturing
Daughter cells (matured stem cells) = RA programs genes in daughter cell so it can function |
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Term
| Vitamin A is the most _____ fat-soluble vitamin. |
|
Definition
| toxic [poisoning, causes bone/epithelial problems; teratogenic in pregnant women] |
|
|
Term
RDA for vitamin A
What is a toxic level? |
|
Definition
0.3-1.3 mg/day
- toxic at 100x level in a single dose
- toxic at 10x level chronically |
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|
Term
| Do you need dietary Vitamin D if you get adequate exposure to sunlight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma Ca2+ is important in maintaining: |
|
Definition
1. Muscle contraction
2. Neurotransmission
3. Blood clotting
4. Remainder stored in bone/teeth |
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|
Term
| Vitamin D maintains Calcium where? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| If you are lacking in Calcium or Vitamin D, you are ____ and you can die from ____ |
|
Definition
hypocalcemic;
tetany (can't control neural transmission; turn rigid) |
|
|
Term
| If your blood calcium is too high you are _______ and the excess calcium goes to _____ which also causes death over time. |
|
Definition
hypercalcemic;
goes to soft tissue [kills in about 3-4 months] |
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|
Term
| 7 dehydro-cholesterol when struck by sunlight creates ______, skin temp converts this into _______, which is slowly released into blood by a binding protein |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the major circulating form of Vitamin D in our blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is calcitriol? Where is it created? |
|
Definition
the hormonal form of Vitamin D
- created in kidney |
|
|
Term
| What hormone produced from Vitamin D is the only hormone that can induce the intestine to absorb dietary Ca2+? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Calcitriol activates genes to make new proteins to transport calcium and regulate cell functions. T or F? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone in response to low ____ levels.
Also, instructs kidney to make ____, which absorbs that nutrient. |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is the Greek term for rickets?
What is rickets? |
|
Definition
Osteomalacia "bad bone"
- rickets is lack of Ca2+ or Vit D
--> failure to convert vit D to calcitriol
--> failure of calcitriol to control gene expression |
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|
Term
| What is the diff b/t osteomalacia and osteoperosis? |
|
Definition
Osteomalacia = bone matrix normal but you don't have enough calcium (not calficied
Osteoperosis: bone matrix/calcium ratio is normal but reduced amounts => thin brittle bones |
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|
Term
| Why do our bones have holes in them? |
|
Definition
| it's where blood cells are made; remodeling breaks down old Ca2+ and adds new Ca2+; reduces weight |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for osteoperosis outside of diet |
|
Definition
- Size (larger is better)
- race (black have less risk than white/asian)
- activity level (exercise more better)
- sex (male better than women) |
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|
Term
| What are some non-tradition functions of vitamin D? |
|
Definition
- reproduction
- antibacterial
- psoriasis
- Type I diabetes
- Cancer (breast and prostate)
- Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) |
|
|
Term
| There is no RDA for Vitamin D, but the adequate intake is _____. This amount is probably not adequate! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D is highly toxic. True or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin K is called "K" for what? |
|
Definition
| Danish word for coagulation |
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|
Term
| Vitamin K activates an enzyme that is vitamin k dependent that modifies target proteins that are able to bind _____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Vitamin K necessary for functions |
|
Definition
- blood clotting
- blood vessel repair
- bone density
- prevents soft-tissue calcification |
|
|
Term
| What is a vitamin k antagonist? what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Warfarin; retards blood coagulation |
|
|
Term
| What is phlebitis? What anticoagulant can be used to treat this? |
|
Definition
- disease where you get blood clots in veins;
- can be treated with Warfarin |
|
|
Term
| What is the most potent lipid-soluble antioxidant known? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin E protects ____ from oxidation? |
|
Definition
poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
[prevents membranes and LDL from oxidation] |
|
|
Term
| What 2 vitamins prevent anemia? Why? |
|
Definition
| Folate and B12 prevent anemia (a lack of RBCs) bc they are involved in RBC synthesis! |
|
|
Term
| RDA for protein is what? [based on weight] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are functions of Vitamin K? [think of what the "K" stands for in Danish] |
|
Definition
- K for coagulation in Danish
- blood clotting
- blood vessel repair
- bone density
- prevents soft-tissue calcification from excess Calcium |
|
|
Term
| How do folate and B12 affect homocysteine levels? |
|
Definition
A deficiency in folate and B12 leads to incomplete amino acid metabolism which causes a buildup of nonessential amino acid homocysteine
- this is an increased risk for CVD |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the names of discoverers of fat-soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
- Eijman (thiamine from beriberi)
- Hopkins
- Funk
- McCollum (vitA)
- Mellanby (vitD) |
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|
Term
| What are contraindictions? |
|
Definition
| these are issues that occur when vitamin and mineral supplements interfere with functions of one's regularly prescribed drugs |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of a dietary supplement? What are supplements classified as? |
|
Definition
| supplement=a product taken by mouth that supplements the diet; classified as food item |
|
|
Term
| What facts to supplement labels have to include? |
|
Definition
- %DV
- ingredients
- common name of plant if plant-based
- suggested daily dose (amt in each pill) |
|
|
Term
| How are most B vitamins involved in Energy metabolism? |
|
Definition
| Bvitamins are precursors to coenzymes in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism [the energy-yielding nutrients] |
|
|
Term
| How can you get a biotin deficiency? |
|
Definition
eating too many raw egg whites! [gross]
- they bind to biotin to prevent absorption |
|
|
Term
| What Bvitamin forms Coenzyme A [CoA]? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do folate + B12 work together? |
|
Definition
- Folate activates B12
- B12 metabolizes folate
- both involved in RBC synthesis and DNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What does a deficiency in B12+folate lead to? |
|
Definition
| pernicious anemia [parietal cells that produce intrinsic factor are destroyed] |
|
|
Term
| Spina bifida results in a newborn bc of a deficiency in what nutrient during mother's prenancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C is an antioxidant. What parts of body does it protect from oxidation? |
|
Definition
Vit C protects
- White blood cells [enhances immune function]
- lung cells
- LDL cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| Other functions of Vitamin C [do not include its antioxidant properties]? |
|
Definition
- regenerates Vitamin E
- synthesizes collagen
- enhances iron absorption |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main research study designs? |
|
Definition
1. Human intervention
2. Observational
3. Lab/experimental |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of a research paper? |
|
Definition
1. Abstract [brief background]
2. Intro [why study this? why is it important?]
3. Materials + Methods
4. Results [shows data in charts, graphs and tables]
5. Discussion [interprets results, further qs]
6. References |
|
|
Term
| What makes a good experiment? [3things] |
|
Definition
1. Quantifiable data
2. Appropriate Experimental Population
3. Proper controls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amts of nutrients necessary in body |
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