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Nursing research Cards test II
Nursing research cards for test 2
91
Medical
Graduate
03/26/2008

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Term
Review of literature
Definition
Provides you with the current theoretical and scientific knowledge about a particular problem and results in a synthesis of what is know and not known.
Term
Relevant studies
Definition
Those with a direct bearing on the problem of concern.
Term
Current sources
Definition
Those published within 5 years prior to acceptance of the manuscript for publication.
Term
Citation
Definition
The act of quoting a source, using it as an example, or presenting it as support for a position taken.
Term
Periodical
Definition
Examples include journals. They are published over time and numbered sequentially for the years published.
Term
Monograph
Definition
Examples include a book on a specific subject, a record of conference procedings, or a pamphlet. It's usually a one-time publication and may be updated with a new edition.
Term
Theoretical literature
Definition
Includes concept analyses, models, theories, and conceptual frameworks that support a selected research problem and purpose.
Term
Data-based literature
Definition
consists of reports of research and includes published studies, usually in journals or books, and unpublished studies, such as master theses and doctoral dissertations. These are peer reviewed before being published.
Term
Peer reviewed
Definition
Means that scholars familiar with the topic of the research read the report and validate its accuracy and the appropriateness of the methodology used in the study. The paper is considered trustworthy.
Term
Thesis
Definition
a report of a research project completed by a postgraduate student as part of the requirements for a masters degree.
Term
Dissertation
Definition
A report of an extensive, usually original research project that is cpmpleted as the final requirement for a doctoral degree.
Term
Primary source
Definition
Written by the person who originated or is responsible for generating the ideas published.
Term
Secondary source
Definition
Summarizes or quotes content from primary sources. Authors paraphrase the works of researchers and primary sources.
Term
Landmark studies
Definition
Significant research projects that generate knowledge that influences a discipline and sometimes society as a whole. Such studies are frequently replecated or are the basis for generation of additional studies.
Term
Library sources
Definition
Include journals, books, conference proceedings, master theses, and doctoral dissertations.
Term
Bibliographical database
Definition
A compilation of citations. A citation provides the information necessary to locate a reference.
Term
Keywords
Definition
Major concepts or variables of a research problem or topic. These terms will be what you key in to begin a search.
Term
Complex search
Definition
Combines two or more concepts or synonyms in one search. Selection of the concepts or synonyms to combine may be based on the results of previous searches.
Term
Search field
Definition
one of the various categories of information provided about an article by the bibliographical database
Term
Linking
Definition
Moves you from one website to another.
Term
Electronic journal
Definition
A noursing or other journal that is published only electronically.
Term
Paraphrasing
Definition
Expressing an author's findings clearly and concisely in the reviewer's own words.
Term
Integrative review of research
Definition
Conducted to identify, analyze, and synthesize the results from independent studies to determine the current knowledge in a particular area.
Term
Synthesis of sources
Definition
Compiling the findings from all of the selected studies and analyzing and interpreting those findings.
Term
Clustering
Definition
Combining meanings obtained from all synthesized sources.
Term
Meta-analyses
Definition
Go beyond the integrated review by performing statistical analyses using summative findings from multiple published studies.
Term
Benchmarking
Definition
This is a word sometimes used to refer to the results of a meta-analysis.
Term
Theory
Definition
An integrated set of defined concepts and statements that present a view of a phenomenon and can be used to describe, explain, predict, and control that phenomenon.
Term
Abstract
Definition
Means that a theory is the expression of an idea, apart from any specific instance.
Term
Concrete
Definition
Refers to realities or actual instances. Focuses on the particular rather than the general.
Term
Conceptual model
Definition
Broadly explains phenomena of interest, expresses assumptions, and reflects a philosophical stance.
Term
Phenomena
Definition
An occurrence or circumstance that is observed, something that impresses the observer as extraordinary.
Term
Philosophical stance
Definition
A specific philosophical view held by a person or group of people.
Term
Middle range theories
Definition
Less abstract and more narrow in scope than conceptual models (or grand theories).
Term
Practice theories
Definition
Even more specific than middle range theories. These are designed to theoretically propose specific approaches to particular nursing practice situations.
Term
Framework
Definition
A brief explanation of a theory or those portions of a theory to be tested in a quantitative study. Every quantitative study has one.
Term
Implicit frameworks
Definition
Sometimes, rudimentary ideas for the framework are expressed in the introduction or literature review, in which linkages among variables found in previous studies are discussed, but then the researcher stops without fully developing the ideas as a framework.
Term
concept
Definition
A term that abstractly describes and names an object or phenomenon, this providing it with a separate identity or meaning.
Term
Constructs
Definition
In conceptual models, concepts have very general meanings. They are sometimes referred to as this...
Term
Conceptual definition
Definition
Differs from the dictionary definition of a word. It is more comprehensive than a denotative (or dictionary) definition and includes associated meanings the word may have.
Term
Statements
Definition
Express claims that are important to the theory.
Term
Existence statements
Definition
Declare that a given concept exists or that a given relationship between concepts occurs.
Term
Relational statement
Definition
Clarifies the type of relationship that exists between or among concepts
Term
Propositions
Definition
Relational statements. They can be expressed at various levels of abstraction.
Term
Conceptual map
Definition
Graphically shows the interrelationships of the concepts and statements.
Term
Scientific misconduct
Definition
Includes such fraudulent practices as fabrication, falsification, or forging of data; dishonest manipulation of the study design or methods with protocol violations; misrepresentation of findings, and plagiarism.
Term
Therapeutic research
Definition
Provides patients with an opportunity to recieve an experimental treatment that might have beneficial results.
Term
Non-therapeutic research
Definition
Conducted to generate knowledge for a discipline; the results of the study might benefit future patients but probably will not benefit those acting as research subjects
Term
Declaration of Helsinki
Definition
1. The investigator should protect the life, health, privacy and dignity of human subjects
2. the investigator should exercise great care to protect subjects from harm in nontherapeutic research.
3. The investigaror should conduct research only when the importance of the objective outweighs the inherent risks and burdens to the subjects.
Term
Principle of respect for persons
Definition
Encourages the researcher to do good and "above all, do no harm."
Term
Principle of justice
Definition
States that human subjects should be treated fairly in terms of the benefits and the rists of research.
Term
Autonomous agents
Definition
All humans should be treated as one of these. Implies that humans have the freedom to conduct their lives as they choose without external controls.
Term
Coercion
Definition
Occurs when one person intentionally presents an overt threat of harm or an excessive reward to obtain compliance.
Term
Covert data collection
Definition
Subjects are unaware that data are being collected.
Term
Diminished autonomy
Definition
Persons experience this when they are vilnerable and less advantaged because of legal or mental incompetence, terminal illness, or confinement in an institution. These persons require additional protection of their right to self-determination because of their decreased ability or inability to give informed consent.
Term
Privacy
Definition
The freedom people have to determine the time, extent, and general circumstances under which their private informationincludes that concerning a person's attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, opinions, and records.
Term
invasion of privacy
Definition
Occurs when private information is shared without a person's knowledge or against his or her will.
Term
Covered entities
Definition
Health care providers, health plans, employers, and health care clearinghouses.
Term
Individually identifiable health information
Definition
Any information, including demographic information collected from an individual that is created or recieved by the HCP, etc and related to past, present or future physical or mental health or condition of an individual or the past, present or future payment for the provision of health care to an individual and identifies the individual; or with respect to which there is a reasonable basis to believe that the information can be used to identify the individual.
Term
Data use agreement
Definition
Limits how the data set may be used and how it will be protected.
Term
Confidentiality
Definition
researcher's management of private information shared by the subject.
Term
Breach of confidentiality
Definition
Can occur when a researcher, by accident or direct action, allows an unauthorized person to gain access to the raw data of a study.
Term
Informed consent
Definition
Includes 4 elements:
1. disclosure of essential study information to the subject
2. comprehension of this information by the subject
3. competence of the subject to give consent
4. voluntary consent of the subject to participate in the study
Term
Consent form
Definition
A written document that includes the elements of informed consent required by the DHHS regulations and FDA regulations.
Term
Voluntary consent
Definition
Means that the prospective subject has decided to take part in a study of his or her own volition without coercion or any undue influence.
Term
Institutional review
Definition
A study is examined for ethical concerns by a committee of the researcher's peers.
Term
Institutional review board
Definition
A committee that reviews research to ensure that the investigaror is conducting the research ethically.
Term
Exempt from review
Definition
Studies that pose no apparent risks for the research subjects fall under this category.
Term
Expedited review
Definition
Means that the probability of and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examination.
Term
Benefit-risk ratio
Definition
The benefits and risks associated with the sampling method, consent process, procedures, and potential outcomes of the study are assessed.
Term
fabrication
Definition
Making up results and recording or reporting them.
Term
Falsification
Definition
Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results, such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.
Term
Plagiarism
Definition
The appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit, including those obtained through confidential review of others' research proposals and manuscripts.
Term
Research desing
Definition
A blueprint for conducting a study. Its purpose is to maximize control over factors that can interfere with the validity of the findings.
Term
Causality
Definition
Basically says that things have causes, and causes lead to effects.
Term
Multicausality
Definition
The presence of multiple causes for an effect.
Term
Probability
Definition
addresses relative rather than absolute causality.
Term
Bias
Definition
Means a slant or deviation from the true or expected.
Term
Manipulation
Definition
A form of control used most commonly in experimental or quasi-experimental research.
Term
Descriptive design
Definition
Includes identifying a phenomenon of interest, identifying the variables within the phenomenon, developing conceptual and operational definitions of the variables, and describing variables.
Term
Comparative descriptive design
Definition
Used to describe variables and to examine differences in variables in two or more groups that occur naturally in a setting.
Term
Case study design
Definition
Involves and intensive exploration of a single unit of study, such as a person, a very small number of subjects, or a family, group, community, or institution.
Term
Correlational design
Definition
Used to examine the relationships between or among two or more variables in a single group.
Term
Descriptive correlational design
Definition
Used to describe variables and examine relationships among these variables.
Term
PRedictive correlational design
Definition
USed to predict the valie of one variable based on values ovtained for another varialbe.
Term
Model testing design
Definition
Requires that all variables relavant to the model be measured.
Term
Quasi-experimental design
Definition
Facilitates the search for knowledge and examination of causality in situations in which complete control is not possible.
Term
Experimental Designs
Definition
Some are relatively simple and others very complex. They are developed for a variety of studies focused on examining causality.
Term
Randomized clinical trial
Definition
Has been used in medicine since 1945. However, until recently, has not been used in nursing. Uses large numbers of subjects to test the effects of a treatment and compare the results with those of a control group that has not recieved the treatment (or has recieved a traditional treatment).
Term
Intervention
Definition
Developed in quasi-experimental studies. Develop this expectin it to result in differences in post test measures between the treatment and control or comparison groups.
Term
Replication studies
Definition
Involve producing or repeating a study to determine whether similar findings will be obtained. The intent is to determine whether the findings from a study will hold up despite minor changes in the research conditions.
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