Term
|
Definition
Proteins containing a metal (+ charge)
Examples: Hemaglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Enzymes containing a metal (+ charged mineral)
Type of metaloprotein
Examples: Catalaze, Super Oxide Dismutase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Need >100mg/day
Examples: Ca, Cl. Mg, P, K, Na, S |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Need <100 mg/day
Examples: Fe, Zn, Cr, Cu, I, Se, Mn, Mo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
<1mg/day
Examples: As, B, Ni, Si |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most abundant divalent cation in our bodies!
Makes up about 2% of our body weight.
99% Ca in teeth and bones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most common form of supplement/fortified Calcium
Requires Hr. in acidic environment to digest (take with a meal!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 methods!
Active Transport
Passive diffusion |
|
|
Term
Calcium Absorption
Active Transport |
|
Definition
In SI using calcium-binding transport
protein (calbindin 9k)
Stimulated by Vitamin D
Saturatable |
|
|
Term
Calcium Absorption
Passive Diffusion |
|
Definition
In SI when calbindin 9k is saturated
Together still can only absorb ~ 500 mg at a time.
◦
Space throughout the day! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fiber
Phytate
Oxalate
Divalent minerals (Zn, Mg, Cu)
Fatty acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca absorption inhibited by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bone Mineralization ( Found with phosphorus, fluoride,
magnesium, potassium, strontium & sodium
in osteoblasts)
Muscle contraction, nerve conduction, blood
clotting, enzyme regulation, membrane
permeability |
|
|
Term
| Other minerals in bone calcification |
|
Definition
Vitamin A (osteocyte maintenance)
Vitamin D (Ca absorption)
Vitamin K (protein formation)
Vitamin C & B6 (collagen synthesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adults (19-50) = 1000 mg
Adults (>51) = 1200 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tetany – muscle spasms,
paresthesia (tingling in extremeties) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Soft, spongy bones
• Adults 18-45
• Vit. D deficiency causes calcium deficiency
• Impaired osteoblast function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Brittle bones
• Adults >45
• Type I in postmenopausal women (• Type II is age-related in men & women >70
• Increased osteoclast function |
|
|
Term
Osteomalacia
Nutritional Therapy |
|
Definition
• Suplements of Vitamin D (1000-2000 IU/day) & calcium (1500 mg/day in
divided doses)
• Increase sun exposure & dairy intake |
|
|
Term
Osteoperosis
Nutritional Therapy |
|
Definition
• Suplements of Vitamin D (1000-2000 IU/day) & calcium (1500 mg/day in
divided doses)
• Increase sun exposure & dairy intake
• Don’t smoke or drink heavily
• Reduce sodium intake
• Avoid diet high in meats without fruits & veggies
• Increase weight bearing
exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tolerable upper intake:2500 mg/day
Symptoms:Fatigue, Halucinations, Constipation, Kidney stones, Calcium deposits in soft tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2nd most abundant mineral in body
85% in skeleton
14% in soft tissues
1% in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bone mineralization
1:3:1 ratio with Ca
Part of hydroxyapatite and Calcium Phosphate
Part of DNA and RNA
Energy: ATP
Phospholipids
Turn on and off enzymes by phosphorilation
Buffer
Release O2 from hemaglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adults: 700mg
Meat, paultry, fish, eggs,dairy, nuts, legumes, grains (more in animal products) |
|
|
Term
Phosphorus deficiency
Risk, Symptoms |
|
Definition
Who's at risk:
Alcoholics
Those with renal or liver disease
With consumption of large doses of antacids
Malnourished patients being refed by TPN
Symptoms:arrhythmias, skeletal
muscle & cardiac myopathy,
decreased diaphragm contractility,
reduced cardiac output, death |
|
|
Term
Phosphorus Toxicity
Risk, symptoms |
|
Definition
Very rare
Infants at risk
Causes low PTH, Hypocalcemia, and tetany
Tolerable upper intake is 4g |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4th most abundant mineral in body
55% in skeleton
25% in soft tissue
1% in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bone mineralization (70% in crystal lattice)
Muscle relaxing
Vit D hydroxylation
PTH secretion (too much inhibits)
Cofactor for >300 enzymes
Required for metabolism, protein synthesis, DNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Magnesium RDA and sources |
|
Definition
Males (19-30) = 400 mg
Females (19-30) = 310 mg
Males (>30) = 420 mg
Females (>30) = 320 mg
Sources:nuts, legumes, grains, green leafy vegetables, seafood, dairy, chocolate, hard water, coffee, tea, cocoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
60% US deficient!
Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, tremors, hallucinations, Chronic inflamation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Upper Intake: 350 mg
Risk: patients with kidney disease
Symptoms: diarrhea, nausea, flushing, slurred speach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluid ballance
Muscle contraction
nerve transmision
Major Cation in Extracellular Fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1500 mg but DV on food label=2400
Sources: salt, processed food etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rare
Who is at risk?
Excessive sweating
Severe trauma
Symptoms: muscle cramps, nausea,
vomiting, dizziness, coma, seizures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tolerable upper intake = 2300 mg/day
Who is at risk?
Elderly (impaired thirst)
Kidney disease
Symptoms: hypocalcemia,osteoporosis & tetany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Major Cation in intracellular fluid
Fluid Ballance
Na/K pump (gradient)
Inhibits calcium excretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4700 mg/day
Execptional sources: bannana, green leafy vegetables, cantalope, papaya,honeydew, mango, winter squash, sweet potatoes, avacadoes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypoalkemia
Who is at risk?
Those with chronic diarrhea or vomiting
Use of diuretics
IV refeeding
Anorexics
Symptoms: cardiac arrhythmias,
myopathy, irritability, mental
confusion, glucose intolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tolerable upper intake = none set, supplements only
under Dr. care
Who is at risk?
Patients with kidney disease
Symptoms: cardiac arrhythmias,
cardiac arrest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Major anion of extracellular fluid
Fluid ballance (with Na, K)
HCl in stomach acid
Phagocytosis
bicarbonate transportation out of RBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adults 2300mg/day
Sources: salt, processed foods, eggs, meat,
seafood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Who is at risk?
Those with chronic diarrhea or vomiting
Deficiency symptoms: convulsions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Upper limit 3.6g/day
No dietary toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2-4g Fe found in human body
65% hemoglobin
22% blood and storage
10% myoglobin
3% cofactor for enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What increases iron absorption? |
|
Definition
Fructose and sorbitol
Acids
Meat, poultry, fish |
|
|
Term
| What decreases iron absorption? |
|
Definition
polyphenols (coffee, tea)
Phytate (whole grains)
oxalate (chocolates,tea, vegies)
Ca, Zn, Mn, Ni |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Iron must be bound at all times
Short term: aptoferrin binds it in SI
Ferritin binds it for storage in liver, spleen, bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fe is heme portion in hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes
Carry O2
transport e- in electron transport chain (cytochromes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* Required for cytochrome P450 (Phase 1
detox enzymes)
• Metabolism of AA, hydrogen peroxide,
drugs, caffeine, steroids, supplements
• Synthesis of nitric oxide, carnitine,
thyroid hormones, uric acid, DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Men 8mg/day
Women18mg/day
Sources:Meat, Shellfish, Legumes, green leaf, dried fruit,enriched grains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deficient<12 microg/L
Normal40-60 migrog/L
Increases with infection |
|
|
Term
| Total Iron Bindin capacity |
|
Definition
Deficient = >400 μg/dL
• Normal = 250-400 μg/dL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Deficiency = <12 g/dL (females), <13 g/dL (males) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most common nutritional deficiency
Who is at risk?
Kids (6 months – 2 years)
Adolescents
Females of childbearing age
Pregnant women
Symptoms: pallor, fatigue, decreased
cognition, short attention span,
depressed immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Upper Limit:40-45mg/day
Who is at risk?
Supplemental iron overdose in kids
Genetic disorder - hemochromatosis
Organ damage from Fe deposits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cofactor
• Required for >300 enzymes
• Used in synthesis or metabolism
of carbs, lipids & proteins
(carboxypeptidase A,
aminopeptidase, collagenase)
• Folate digestion (conjugase)
• Metabolism of alcohol (alcohol
dehydrogenase), phosphates (alkaline
phosphatase), superoxide (SOD),
phospholipids (phospholipase C)
• Synthesis of heme, DNA, RNA & protein
(polymerases, kinases, nucleases,
transferases, phosphorylases)
• Cell growth & replication
(concentrated in cell nucleus)
• Bone formation
Due to
transcriptional
• Skin integrity
regulation by
• Immune function
zinc
• Insulin secretion
Does not help colds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sources: Seafood, meat, poultry, eggs, cheese,
whole grains, leafy & root veggies
Men = 11 mg/day
Women = 8 mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Who is at risk?
Elderly
Vegetarians/Vegans
Alcoholics
Pregnant women
Chronically ill
Stressed
Surgery
Malabsorptive conditions
Symptoms: diminished taste mechanism, alopecia,
decreased growth, poor wound healing, dermatitis,
delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tolerable upper intake = 40 mg/day
Who is at risk?
Supplement users
Symptoms: metallic taste, nausea,
vomiting, gastric pain, bloody
diarrhea, copper deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Required for iron transport out of the enterocyte (part of
oxidase)
• Metabolism of superoxide, histamine, catecholamines,
serotonin, tyrosine
• Synthesis of ATP (cytochrome C) & peptide hormones
(amine oxidases)
• Cross-linking of collagen (lysyl oxidase)
apoferritin
Fe2+
ferroportin
Fe3+
Ceruloplasmin-Cu2+ Ceruloplasmin-Cu1+
Other (not well understood)
• Immune system, myelination, endorphin production,
angiogenesis, gene expression (induce or inhibit) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sources: Seafood, meat, nuts, seeds, legumes,
cocoa, potatoes, dried fruits
Adults = 900 μg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Who is at risk?
Those taking antacids or zinc supplements
Malabsorptive conditions
Genetic disease – Menkes syndrome
Symptoms: hypochromic anemia, depigmentation of
skin & hair, impaired immune function, bone
demineralization, neutropenia, cardiovascular &
pulmonary dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tolerable Upper Intake=10mg/day
Who is at risk: Zinc suplimenters, Wilson's disease
Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, gastric
pain, liver damage, Kayser-Fleischer
rings around cornea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cofactor (selinoproteins)
Decreases risk of many DS cancers
Required for glutathione peroxidase (GPx),
convert T4 to T3, removal of peroxynitrite
radical (ONOO-) by selenoprotein P
• Maintenance of cytochrome P450 detox
enzymes, DNA repai |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adults = 55 μg/day
Sources: fish, whole grains, legumes, nuts, tea
Highly dependent on soil concentration!!
Deficient <7μg/dL plasme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Risk: Chinese and Mongolians, patients receiving TPN
Coxsackie virus+selenium deficiency=Keshan's disease (heart disease in children)
arthritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Selenosis
Tolerable upper intake = 400 μg/day
Who is at risk?
Supplement users
Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fatigue, hair & nail
brittleness, inhibition of protein synthesis, organ
damage & death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Helps with insulin secretion & insulin binding
Used in carb & lipid metabolism (most likely due to
insulin’s actions on these enzymes)
DNA synthesis: Maintaining structural integrity & regulating gene
expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sources: Meat,fish, poultry, whole grains
Men = 35 μg/day
Women = 25 μg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Who is at risk?
Patients receiving TPN
Trauma & stress
Diabetic patients
Symptoms: weight loss, peripheral
neuropathy, high plasma glucose, insulin
resistance, high plasma free fatty acid
concentrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Considered safe up to 600μg
Who is at risk?
Supplement users
Symptoms: kidney & liver damage, chromosomal
damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Required for synthesis
of T4 (thyroxine) & T3
(triiodothyronine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sources: iodized salt, saltwater fish, dairy
products, eggs, legumes, meat
Adults = 150 μg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Who is at risk?
Developing nations
Symptoms: goiter, cretinism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tolerable upper intake = 1100 μg/d
Who is at risk?
Supplement users
Overconsumption of iodine-containing foods
Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, burning of mouth &
throat, diarrhea, fever, hyper- & hypothyroidism,
thyroiditis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cofactor
Metalloenzyme
• Transferases, especially in proteoglycan
synthesis
• Hydrolases in collagen digestion
• Lyase in conversion of oxaloacetate to PEP
• Oxidoreductase in removal of superoxide by
superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the
mitochondria
• Ligase in conversion of pyruvate to
oxaloacetate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sources: whole grains, dried fruit, nuts, green
leafy veggies
Men = 2.3 mg/day
Women = 1.8 mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Who is at risk?
Diets devoid of Mn
Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, dermatitis,
decreased growth of hair & nails, change in
hair color, poor bone formation, altered
metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tolerable upper intake = 11 mg/d
Who is at risk?
Liver failure
Newborns
Miners inhaling vapors
Symptoms: liver & brain damage, neurologic
abnormalities, tremors, memory impairment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cofactor
Metalloenzyme
• Required for sulfite oxidase,
aldehyde oxidase & xanthine
dehydrogenase/oxidase |
|
|
Term
Molybdenum RDA Adults = 45 μg/day
Sources: legumes, meat, poultry, fish, whole
grains, veggies, nuts
Depends on Mo content of soil! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rare
Who is at risk?
Diets containing high levels of
sulfate, copper & tungsten
Long-term TPN nutrition
Symptoms: esophageal cancer (?), neurologic
symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tolerable upper intake = 2 mg/d
Who is at risk?
High soil Mo
Occupational exposure
Symptoms: gout |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bone mineralization
•Facilitates crystallization
of calcium & phosphorus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sources: fluoridated water & toothpaste, tea, whole grains, canned fish
Men = 4 mg/day
Women = 3 mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tolerable upper intake = 1.3 mg/d
(children) & 10 mg/d (adults)
Who is at risk?
Kids
Supplement users
Chronic symptoms: mottling of teeth, pitting of bones
Acute symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heart
arrhythmias, death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Weight(kg)/Ht(m2)
Not a good indicator for men. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
<18.5 Under weight
18.5-24.9 Healthy weight
25-29.9 Overweight
30-39.9 Obese
>40 Morbidly obese |
|
|
Term
| Better Indicators of Body Weight |
|
Definition
Waist circumference (M <40, W <35)
Waist circumference to Hip Circumference ratio (M <.95 W <.80) |
|
|
Term
| Ideal Body Weight for Men |
|
Definition
IBW for men = 110 lb + 5 lb/in >5 ft
Small frame = -10%
Large frame = +10% |
|
|
Term
| Ideal Body Weight for Women |
|
Definition
IBW for women = 100 lb + 5 lb/in >5 ft
Small frame = -10%
Large frame = +10% |
|
|
Term
Body Composition
Essential Fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Body Composition
Storage Fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Body Composition
Total Fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Composition Method
Skin fold test Calipers |
|
Definition
Easy, Fast, Noninvasive, Inexpensive
Error, less precise,only measures subcutaneous fat |
|
|
Term
Composition Method
Waist circumpherenc + equations |
|
Definition
Cheap, Fast
The more error in measurement, the less accurate. |
|
|
Term
Composition Method
Bioelectric Impedance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Composition Method
Underwater Weighing |
|
Definition
Most accurate
Expensive, hard to determine residual air in lungs |
|
|
Term
Composition Method
Air Displacement (bod pod) |
|
Definition
Quick
Expensive, Less accurate than
underwater weighing or
DEXA |
|
|
Term
Composition Method
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) |
|
Definition
Accurate, Reproducable
Expensive,Exposure to X-Ray, Requires training |
|
|
Term
Composition Method
CT or MRI |
|
Definition
Accurate, Reproducable
Expensive, Time consuming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10% of energy expendature
Factors: Age, meal composition, meal timing, exercize |
|
|
Term
| Thermic effect of Macronutrients |
|
Definition
Proteins +20-30%
Carbs +5-10%
Lipids +0-5%
Average 10% |
|
|
Term
Basal Metabolic Rate
Energy Expendature |
|
Definition
60-70% of energy consumption
Factors: aging, body size, body composition, hormonal status, other. |
|
|
Term
Activity Thermogenesis
Energy Expenditures |
|
Definition
20-40% of total energy expenditure
Factors: Aging, Body size, EPOC |
|
|
Term
Measuring Expenditures
Direct calorimetry |
|
Definition
| Measuring heat given off of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Measures oxygen use and CO2 expiration
• Respiratory quotient (RQ) is ratio of CO2
expired and O2 inhaled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protein: .8
Carb: 1.0
Fat: .7 |
|
|
Term
Estimated Energy Requirements
Males >18 |
|
Definition
EER = 662 - 9.53 * age + PA * (15.91 * weight in kg +
539.6 * height in meters)
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
PA = physical activity
sedentary = 1.00
Low active = 1.11
Active = 1.25
Very active = 1.48 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EER = 354 – 6.91 * age + PA * (9.36 * weight in kg +726 * height in meters)
PA = physical activity
sedentary = 1.00
Low active = 1.12
Active = 1.27
Very active = 1.45 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 127 genes associated with set point theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Neuropeptide Y – signals hunger
• Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) –
suppresses hunger (release stimulated by leptin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Signals hunger
Made in stomach and SI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supresses Hunger, made in adipose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
suppresses hunger,
acts on duodenum sending signals to brain via
vagus nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suppresses hunger, made in Pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Most hormones and neuropeptides controlling hunger attach in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Min cal. required for metablolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increase size of fat cells
max 1 mcg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mean adipocyte age=10 years
lose fat in each cell but once formed amount of cells is fixed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Store excess E at TG in unilocular
adipocyte
• Release free fatty acids (FFA) when
needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Store TG in multilocular adipocyte
as quick-access fuel for heat
production in thermogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in high concentrations in infants
• Previously thought that adults did not have any BAT
• Recent studies using PET-CTs have shown that some
healthy adults contain BAT
• 7.5% women & 3.1% men
• Inversely related to age, outdoor temperature and
BMI
• Primarily found in cervical & supraclavicular regions |
|
|
Term
| Other cells in adipose tissue |
|
Definition
◦ Pericyte – connective tissue cell around small blood vessels
◦ Endothelial cells – cells lining lumen of blood vessels
◦ Macrophages – white blood cell that engulf foreign
compounds
◦ Pluripotent stem cells – starting point of any fetal or adults
cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leakage of nutrients that accumulate in other organs
Non-adipose tissue accumulation of FFA:
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Pancreas – β-cell failure
Liver – non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Muscles – insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes)
Heart – heart disease
Endothelium vasocontraction - hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1),
causing insulin resistance
• Promotes beta cell apoptosis
• Stimulates lipolysis
• Linked to insulin resistance
• Protective effect against beta cell apoptosis
• Stimulates lipolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Apple shape
Male-type
More visceral adipose tissue
Associated with more health
risks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pear shape
Female-type
Fat accumulation in hips, butt
& thighs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Very metabolically active
Easier to lose than subcutaneous fat
Exercise with or without weight loss leads to reduction
of VAT
◦ Increases lipotoxicity due to increased LPL activity |
|
|
Term
Bariatric Surgery
Postoperative complications |
|
Definition
Pulmonary embolism, leaks, infection, possibly death
Rates of complications similar to gallbladder removal
and hip replacements
Risk of complication = 4.3%
Risk of death = 0.3% (more likely in morbidly obese) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Osteopenia
Amenorea
Disorder Eating |
|
|
