Term
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Definition
Outer coarse coat of grain separated during processing (pericarp).
Comes from corn, rice and wheat. |
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Term
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Definition
Soft, finely ground and bolted meal from the milling of cereal grains and other seeds. Consists primarily of gluten and starch of the endosperm.
Comes from rye and wheat. |
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Term
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Definition
Ground germ of the seed (embryo).
Comes from corn and wheat. |
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Term
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Definition
Small imperfect grains, weed seeds and the other foreign material of value as a feed that is separated through the cleaning of grain with a screen.
Comes from all grains. |
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Term
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Definition
Grain from which the hulls have been removed.
Comes from oats and rice. |
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Term
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Definition
A mixture of corn bran, corn germ and some of the starchy portion, produced in the manufacture of pearl hominy, hominy grits and table meal.
Comes from corn. |
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Term
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Definition
Outer covering of grain.
Comes from oat and rice. |
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Term
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Definition
The rootless and sprouts, along with some of the malt hulls, obtained from malted barley.
Comes from barley |
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Term
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Definition
Rolled oat grouts.
Comes from oat. |
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Term
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Definition
A by-product of the flour milling industry, consisting of bran, shorts, germ, flour and some of the offal from the "tail of the mill."
Comes from rye and wheat. |
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Term
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Definition
Substance remaining after extraction of starch and germ in the manufacture of starch and syrup.
Comes from corn and sorghum. |
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Term
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Definition
State in which a material comes from the mill, usually ungraded and having no definite specifications. It consists of bran, shorts, germ, flour and the offal from the "tail of the mill."
Comes from rye wheat, grain, sorghum, oat and rice. |
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Term
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Definition
By-product of rice, consisting of a fine residue that accumulates as rice kernels are polished.
Comes from rice. |
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Term
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Definition
| By-product of milling wheat for flour. Consists of the offal from the "tail of the mill", along with fine particles of wheat bran, wheat germ, and wheat flour. |
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Term
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Definition
A by-product of flour milling consisting of a mixture of small particles of bran, germ, flour and the offal from the "tail of the mill."
Comes from wheat. |
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Term
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Definition
High fiber
Low in energy
Includes fodder, silage, haylage, soilage, stow and succulent. |
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Term
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Definition
High in energy
Low in fiber
Includes grains |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bagged feeds that meet a specific supplement to adjust an animal's feed. |
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Term
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Definition
Can accumulate toxins when dried out.
(that was all I had in my notes for this) |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for fittings, showing, racing, lactating, etc. |
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Term
| Supplements, additives and implants |
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Definition
| Used to replace a missing nutrient. |
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Term
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Definition
A dry forage/roughage (i.e. not H2O).
High quality hays are legume based; includes Alfalfa, Timothy and Clover.
Non-Legume hays include Oat, Barley and Timothy.
When picking hay, aim for 40% leaves, green color (higher Vitamin D12 and less Vitamin A), no more than 15% moisture, pliability of stem and freedom of foreign materials. Also, aroma, palatable, abundance of feed nutrients and stage of maturity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dried, hollow stems of grass w. seeds removed usually left over after cereal grain harvesting; mature part of a plant after grain is removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soilage or greenchop; entire above ground part of a freshly harvested plant. A higher quality form of stover |
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Term
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Definition
Made from the bran, germ and endosperm of a seed.
Examples: Milo - Sorghum grain
Cottonseed - contains gossypol, a substance thats very toxic to monogastric. Can be used with ruminants and avians minimally. |
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Term
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Definition
Fermented forages
65% - 75% H2O |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of concentrates of basal feeds |
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Definition
Cereal grains
Mill by-products
Fruits
Nuts
Roots |
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Term
Important supplements and non-nutritive additives
(i.e. the ones I actually wrote something for)
Animal products
Avian Products
Plant Products
Minerals
Non-nutritive additives
Antibiotics
Coloring materials
Flavors
Hormones
Probiotics |
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Definition
- Animal products (blood, meat, dry milk)
- Avian products (spent hen; high in protein and energy)
- Plant products (for example all the oil meals - higher than 22% protein)
- Minerals (can be supplemented by bone meal)
- Non-nutritive additives: Performance stimulants
- Antibiotics (CONTROVERSIAL - typically used to improve animal performance by regulating more metabolic processes to feed-to-muscle conversion)
- Coloring materials (so not necessary)
- Flavors, for masking
- Hormones (many, very important to know MGA and ear implants)
- Probiotics (improve microbiotic population in ruminants; a medicant) |
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Term
Neutral Detergent Fiber
(NDF) |
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Definition
-Separates the feed into 2 fractions-
- Neutral detergent solubles: highly digestible portion of the feed; these are not included in the total NDF.
(proteins, fats, CHO, NPN and pectin)
-Neutral detergent fiber: less digestible portion of the feed (plant cell wall including lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose)
- Inversely related to voluntary feed consumption, hence a low NDF is desirable IF you want the animal to put on weight. |
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Term
Acid Detergent Fiber
(ADF) |
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Definition
- used to further seperate feed into two fractions -
- Acid detergent solubles: more readily digestible hemicellulose; not included in the ADF percentage.
- Acid Detergent Fiber: less digestible portion of the feed (lignin and cellulose).
- The lower the ADF, the more feed the an animal can digest. A lower ADF is desirable not matter if you want the animal to gain weight or not.
Note: ADF increases as Plant matures. |
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Term
| The MAIN difference between NDF and ADF... |
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Definition
Hemicellulose
The NDF percentage includes hemicellulose, which is acid detergent digestible, thus not in the ADF percentage. |
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Term
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Definition
| ether extract, used to measure lipid (fat) content |
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Term
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Definition
The residue is inorganic elements if the sample has been completely combusted for 2 hrs at 600 degrees C.
NOTE: ash percentage is total weight of the ash divided by the total DRY weight times 100 |
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Term
| How crude protein is determined by the Kjeldahl method |
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Definition
| Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) converts N to ammonia sulfate (NH4SO4) and then diluted with water and neutralized with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and titrated with acid. |
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Term
| Calorie versus calorie versus kcal versus megacalorie |
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Definition
| 1 calorie = 1000 calorie = 1 Kcal = 1,000 Mcal |
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Term
British Thermal Unit
(BTU) |
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Definition
the amount of heat required to raise the temp. of one pound of water through 1 degree F at sea level.
VERY rarely used today. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
dry weight
%DM = ------------- x 100
wet weight
= (as fed) / (% dry matter) x 100 |
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Term
Nitrogen Free Extract
(NFE) |
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Definition
- The readily available CHO -
% NFE = 100 - (%moisture + %EE + %ash + %CF + %CP) |
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Term
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Definition
| ADF - (Alkali Insoluble + Cellulose) |
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Term
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Definition
Crude Protein = Nitrogen x 6.25
(100 lb CP = 16 lb N ;
100 / 16 = 6.25 = CP/N) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Crude Protein = Nitrogen x 6.25
(100 lb CP = 16 lb N ;
100 / 16 = 6.25 = CP/N) |
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Term
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Definition
SI unit for mechanical energy. Equal to the amount of energy it takes to raise 2 kg from either 0 to 1 degree Celsius or 32 to 33 degrees Fahrenheit.
1 Joule = 0.239 calories |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
High moisture feeds
> 30% H2O |
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Definition
Silage
Haylage
Soilage
Pasture
(all four are forages) |
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Term
High energy feeds
> 70% TDN |
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Definition
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Term
High protein feeds
> 22% CP |
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Definition
Oil meals
Blood meals
Tankage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
1 American Ton
1 Metric Ton |
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Definition
1,000 lbs = 453.6 kg
1,000 kg = 2,205 lbs |
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Term
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Definition
Most common form of feed processing
Simplest and cheapest
Mash or meal |
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Term
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Definition
Used to make three different forms of feed:
- flaking: thinnest, milo responds best to this method with a 10% increase in gain/lb
- rolling
- crimping (grain is hit with a roller, breaks and flattens the grain)
Note that the primary difference between all three is thinness) |
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Term
| Pelleting (under cereal grain) |
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Definition
- the most expensive from of grain processing
- positives:
mechanization in handling
eliminates fines and dust
increases palatability
alleviates separation of ingredients and sorting
increases feed density
reduces storage space
can feed on ground in windy areas
- Recommended as a dressing for horses |
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Term
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Definition
| Inexpensive, increases surface for enzymatic breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
22 - 40%
Ensiled; must be stored in anaerobic conditions. DO NOT feed in cold areas; it will freeze. |
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Term
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Definition
Grain that has been dried, then had water added when necessary.
Grain was initially harvested at 10 - 14% moisture.
Water added to increase level to 25 - 30%.
Can only be fed in warmer climates. |
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Term
| Reasons for processing grain |
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Definition
1. Increase animals ability to utilize
2. Increase surface area, disrupt outer protective coating |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| How much feed per 1 lb of gain |
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Term
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Definition
Make more money
Alter particle size
Change moisture content
Change density of feed
Increases nutrient availability and digestibility
Detoxify or remove undesirable ingredients
Improves keeping qualities
Reduces storage and transportation costs and space
Improves mechanization
Lessens molds, salmonella
Enhances rumen bypass, so the animal goes to absorb it in the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
- Increases costs from $2/ton to $10/ton
- Can feed the whole plant, including stem
- not recommended for higher production animals |
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Term
| Chopping, grinding and shredding forage |
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Definition
Less feed refusal and waste
Storage
Mechanization |
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Term
| Cubing (Wafering) Forages |
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Definition
- 1 1/4 in to 2 in; smaller cubes are meant to prevent choking
- Costs $5+/ton more than baling
- Can cause horses to choke |
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Term
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Definition
- Hay moisture lowered by field curing, artificial dehydrators, mow curing and wagon dryers
- safe storage |
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Term
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Definition
- Anaerobic fermentation
- Ex. haylage = more DM nutrient yield/acre compared to hay because there is no leaf shatter
- NOTE: never store hay with more than 15% H2O |
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Term
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Definition
- Most expensive method for forage processing
- a fine grinding, making it unsuitable for horses and lactating cows; rumen safety and more fiber needed for milk. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Antibiotic
Increases ADG & FE |
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Term
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Definition
Antibiotic
Increases ADG & FE |
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Term
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Definition
Antibiotic
Controls Anaplasmosis
(Review: anaplasmosis = tick-borne disease in cattle and sheep caused by a bacterium) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Antibiotic
Increases ADG & FE
Controls Bloat and LA (liver abscesses) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Antibiotics
(General information) |
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Definition
Disease Control
Nutrient Sparing effects; reduce competing microorganisms
Metabolic effect
Increases feed and water intake
Toxic waste products or toxins
Digestion and absorption of certain nutrients increased |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for preservation; reduces oxidative rancidity of unsaturated fatty acids. The rancidity destroy Vit A, D, E and some B-complex vitamins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antioxidants used as perservatives |
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Term
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Definition
Poloxalene (Boat Gaurd) - controls production of foam
Oxytetracycline (Terramycin) - controls microbes that produce methane
Ionophores (lasalocid = Bovatec; monesin = Rumensin) - decreases methane production in rumen; increases average daily gain |
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Term
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Definition
- Humens refer to as antacid -
Normal rumen pH is 6.2 to 6.8
Most often form used in the US is sodium bicarbonate; works best when combined with magnesium oxide
Typically used to lower the pH |
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Term
| Hormones and Hormone-like compounds |
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Definition
BST and PST (somatropin) - given via daily injection
MGA (melengestrol acetate)- synthetic progesterone
Progestrogen - type of synthetic progesterone that stops cycling, PLUS increases eating; a steroid, given orally |
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Term
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Definition
| An ear implanted growth promoting hormone that was first used in 1956 and was stopped in 1979 due the passage of the Delaney Amendment of the Food and Drug Act which gave zero tolerance for introduction of any human or animal carcinogens) |
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Term
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Definition
(estradiol-17 beta)
Ear Implant
Increase in GH, increase in protein prod. |
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Term
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Definition
(trenbolene or TBA)
Ear implant
synthetic androgen
20% greater gains & 12% greater FE |
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Term
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Definition
(mold - gibberella zinc)
Ear implant
increases meat production
Anabolic agent, NOT a hormone
Enhances N retention
Increases ADG and FE
Used at Pierce |
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Term
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Definition
S - steers, H - heifers, testosterone; C - calves, progesterone
Increases ADG and FE |
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Term
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Definition
Changes the rumen environment to favor propionic acid, so feed goes to muscle.
ex. Bovatec (lasalocid - antibiotic) and Rumensin (monensin), both reduce CH4 production. Antibiotics in general, for control of rumen microflora population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbial enhancers; contain cultures or ingredients to enhance growth of desired microflora |
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Term
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Definition
most plentiful in Spring (when there is more green) so must be supplemented in Winter.
20,000 - 50,000 IU/day |
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