- Highest levels in liver, kidney, bone

- Cofactor for enzymes

- Deficiency: decreased growth & intake, decreased enzyme activity, decreased bone growth, decreased healing

- parakeratosis in pigs

- Wide Safety Range, High levels may reduce growth, cause bone problems, stiffness

- High levels are used in swine as alternative to antibotics or growth promotant

Topical wound ointment

-Function: associated with enzymes of iron metabolism, elastin and collagen formation, melanin formation, CNS, RBC

-Deficiency: anemia, bone disorders, hair abnormalities

- Toxicity: Sheep most sensitive, less toxic in non-ruminants

-Copper sulfate used as a growth promotant in poultry and pigs.

- 25% storage in bone

Function: essential for bone formation, cofactor for enzymes

Absorbtion: Not well understood, inefficient

Deficiency: Ataxia and poor equilibrium in young, needed for cartilage formation in inner ear and balance, lameness, delayed estrus and poor conception

-Toxicity: low, high levels can cause Ca & P deficiency (rickets) or Iron deficiency (anemia)

- Function: Component of glutanthione peroxidase, protects cell membranes from oxidative damage, works with vit. E

Numerous deficiency and toxicity problems ( narrow range)

Deficiency typically associated with Vit. E deficiency