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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| balance between their health and the care recipient |
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| mindful of recipient’s well-being |
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| the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions |
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| Lack of health literacy skills will prevent people from |
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Definition
Understanding instructions on prescriptions and food labels
Understand health related news
Access appropriate health care services
Manage chronic conditions
Critically evaluate media advertisements for drugs and treatments |
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| What reading level should be used for print material? |
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Definition
| 5th grade reading level!!! |
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Term
| Why Do OTs Teach Activities? |
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Definition
Help client relearn skills
Help client learn alternative/compensatory strategies
Help client learn new performance skills
Provide therapeutic challenges to facilitate rehabilitation
Instruct caregivers |
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Term
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Definition
Acquisition-learn the skill. Teaching/reinforcing
Retention-client learns skill & can do the skill as they were taught it in that environment
Transfer/generalization- take that skill and generalize it to another environment. |
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Definition
Perform activities without conscious thought
Automatic performance
Developed through repeated practice |
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Definition
Verbalize steps of activity
Declarative learning can assist in progression to procedural learning |
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| Principles of Teaching and Learning in OT |
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Definition
Identify meaningful activity
Instructional method needs to be compatible with client’s cognitive status
Organize learning environment
Provide grading of activities and reinforcement
Structure feedback and practice schedules
Help client develop self-awareness and self-monitoring skills
Block practice- don’t move on till skill is mastered. Random practice is better for later retention. |
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Term
| Factors That Support Transfer of Learning |
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Definition
Active participation
Occupationally embedded instruction
Intrinsic feedback- personal feedback
Contextual interference- not to give them too much feedback to interfere.
Random practice schedules
Naturalistic contexts
Whole task practice-better do a whole task like brushing your teeth.
Strategy development |
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| The ability to see the features of objects we look at, such as color, shape, size, details, depth, and contrast. It is the eyes and brain working together to form pictures of the world around us. |
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Definition
A reduction or disruption in normal vision, which can’t be completely corrected by glasses/contact lenses, surgery, or other medical treatments. Central vision, peripheral vision, or both can be significantly reduced.
May be classified as:
Partially sighted – best eye = 20/70 corrected vision (visual acuity); impaired ability or unable to read standard newsprint, or see facial expressions even with corrective lenses; e.g. tunnel vision
Legal blindness – best eye = central vision of 20/200 (may be worse), or visual field or no greater than 20 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
| best eye = 20/70 corrected vision (visual acuity); impaired ability or unable to read standard newsprint, or see facial expressions even with corrective lenses; e.g. tunnel vision |
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Term
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Definition
| best eye = central vision of 20/200 (may be worse), or visual field or no greater than 20 degrees |
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| What are the effects of low vision? |
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Definition
Visual Acuity –
(Central) Ability to distinguish colors, details, or contrasts Difficulty with activities that include e.g. reading, writing, FMC
(Peripheral) Identifying and recognizing environmental characteristics (i.e. landmarks, surface changes, facial features, distinguishing between similar colors, etc.); Functional & safe mobility; Occurs with visual field deficits
Convergence
adduction of eyes; part of accommodation (process that allows eyes to maintain focus on objects as they move into view) Difficulty with attaining or maintaining focus during near vision activities
Visual Processing
Perceptual completion – process in which CNS fills in missing visual info (i.e. completes field based on what person expects to see)
Performance of search or scanning patterns – e.g. affects reading speed and comprehension, visual guidance of hand in FM activities
Speed and range of eye movement Difficulty maintaining a clear image or focus, may experience double vision
Eye-hand Coordination
Pattern recognition, spatial awareness
Visual inattention
Hemi-inattention or Visual neglect = R hemisphere damage
Symmetrical decrease in searching for detail = L hemisphere damage
Performance of ADL’s and maintenance of functional independence
Delayed adaptation to environmental changes
Behavior = slow or narrowed scanning, reduced monitoring, misinterpretation of detail, compensations
May experience headaches, eye or neck strain, dizziness
Emotional challenges = withdrawal, decreased confidence, depression, isolation
May experience increased stress, or become agitated or uncooperative |
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Term
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Definition
A clouding of the eye’s lens. It is most often caused by age-related chemical changes in which proteins in the eye clump together and disrupt the passage of light. Other causes: DM, UV light, Smoking, Eye trauma
Symptoms: gradual development, fuzzy or cloudy vision, pupil color change, sunlight or lamp light may seem too bright, increased sensitivity to glare, colors aren’t as bright
Primary cause of visual deficits and blindness in adults.
~66% of adults by age 60; ~90% by age 70
~1.5 million surgeries/yr on an outpatient basis; done when they begin to affect person’s daily lifestyle |
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Term
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Definition
Glaucoma
Increased fluid pressure (due to decreased drainage) within the eye that can damage the optic nerve
Results: Peripheral vision loss, blurred vision, eye redness, pain, halos around light
Symptoms:
None at first, normal vision, no pain
Gradual decrease in side vision, narrowing visual field
Who’s at risk: African Americans 40 y.o.+, anyone 60 y.o.+, family history
Treatment methods: surgery, lasers, medications (eye drops, pills) |
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Term
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Definition
Painless disease that affects the color detection and sharp, detailed central vision area on the retina (macula).
Result: Central field loss
Two forms:
Dry: gradual unilateral central vision loss (becomes blurred) that will usually progress to other eye; increased difficulty with facial recognition & need for more light, esp. during near vision tasks; most people with MD have this form (~90%); no known treatment
Wet: leakage of fragile blood vessels that grow behind retina & near macula; ~10% have this form; 90% of profound vision loss; 10-15% of cases are treatable with lasers, but leakage can reoccur
Signs: development of yellow granules on the retina, age-related; found during eye examination |
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Term
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Definition
Complication of DM; Occurs when the blood vessels within the retina are damaged; they may swell and leak, or abnormal new vessels may grow on retinal surface; possible for retinal detachment
Symptoms:
None early on, no pain, usually no visual changes until disease is severe
As disease progresses blurry vision, light sensitivity, decreased ability to see fine detail, macular edema
Treatments:
Laser surgery
Early detection |
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Term
| OT’s Role for patients with low vision |
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Definition
Evaluate
Help
Increase
Reduce
Educate
Recommend
Evaluate
Pt. education, organizational skills (room familiarity & arrangement), and community support
Establish a safe environment
Furniture arrangement, remove loose rugs, keep doors open, attach type of textured marker to ends of rails, keep pathways free of clutter/hazards, keep items in a consistent location
Use large dial or touch-tone phone, or preset speed dial for assistance
Count number of steps, doors
Create fixed reference points
Draw on person’s back to show relationships
Point out surface textures or slopes
Walk with one arm free, parallel to floor, elbow flexed slightly less than 90 deg, finger tips extended
Encourage life as a “sighted person” – turn lights on for safety
Teach organization of frequently used items in all rooms, use distinct labels
Use "clock" method to locate items
Use dividers in drawers
Utilize meals on wheels when independent food preparation is not possible.
Teach safe kitchen techniques – use long-armed oven mitts, use finger to measure liquid levels
Mealtime skills -- identifying food; using kitchen items safely; organizing workspace; meal prep & clean up
Slide hands across table to locate dishes |
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Term
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Definition
| an MD trained in vision & eye diseases, able to perform surgeries |
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Definition
| trained in vision & eye diseases, prescribes corrective lenses & can diagnose eye diseases |
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Definition
| makes and fits corrective lenses |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal vision..............20/20 Mild low vision...........20/40 to 20/60 Moderate low vision........20/70 to 20/160 Severe low vision........20/200 to 20/400 Profound low vision..........20/500 to 20/1000 |
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Term
| General principles of energy conservation |
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Definition
Limit the amount of work
Plan ahead/set priorities
Use correct body mechanics
Use efficient methods
Use correct equipment
Rest |
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Term
| variables that increase O2 demand |
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Definition
Increased activity rate
Increased resistance
Increased use of large muscles
Increased involvement of trunk musculature
Raising arms
Isometric straining |
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Definition
Regular and frequent rest periods
Adequate sleep
Short, frequent breaks better than fewer long breaks
5 minutes per 20 minutes of activity
Rest BEFORE fatigue sets in
Slow steady pace
Time management |
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