Term
| pt takes the progestrone challenge test, and bleeding occurs. what does that mean? |
|
Definition
| the patient is likely anovulatory or oligo ovulatory |
|
|
Term
| Pt takes the progesterone challenge test and withdrawal bleeding does NOT occur. What does that mean? |
|
Definition
| pt may be hypoestrogenic or have an anatomic condition such as Ashlerman syndrome or outlfow tract obstruction |
|
|
Term
If you suspect patient has hyperprolactinemia, what symptoms do you expect to hear about?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you treat hyperprolactinemia? |
|
Definition
| Cabergoline or dopamine agonisst such as bromocriptine |
|
|
Term
| How do you turn off prolactin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What can be a typical underlying cause of hyperprolactinemia?
why? |
|
Definition
hypothroidism
bc T4 levels decrased, telling the hypothlamus to increase sectretion of TRH which also tells the dopamine receptors to stop producing so it is turned off and prolactin can increase |
|
|
Term
What terms describes this process:
irregular bleeding that is unrelated to anatomic lesions of the uterus |
|
Definition
| anovulatory uterine bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What are the two predominant organisms that cause PID? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the GREATEST risk factor for PID? what are others? |
|
Definition
Greatest risk factor: prior PID
Others:
adolescence
multiple sex partners
not using condoms
infection with any of the causative organisms |
|
|
Term
| Pt presents with PMH of salpingitis. Today they are complaining of high fever, tachycardic, severe pelvic and abdominal pain and nausea/vomiting. What could it be? |
|
Definition
| PID complicated by tubovarian abscesses |
|
|
Term
| What three clinical findings are necessary to diagnose PID? |
|
Definition
1. abdominal tenderness with or without rebound
2. adnexal tenderness
3. cervical motion tenderness |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of adhesions that form between the liver and diaphragm caused by chlamydial infections? |
|
Definition
perihepatitis (Fitz Hugh Curtis Syndrome)
seen in PID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a "twinge" of pain associated with ovulation..is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bartholin gland cysts:
How do you diagnose?
How will woman describe cyst? painful or painless?
where are they located?
|
|
Definition
| The diagnosis is clinical and based upon findings of a soft, painless mass in the area of the Bartholin gland (ie, medial labia majora or lower vestibular area). Most such cysts are detected during a routine pelvic examination or by the woman herself. |
|
|
Term
Pt presents with 3 cm cyst on labia majora. The cyst is unilateral and not causing any discomfort typically. The only time it really bothers her is during sexual intercourse, sitting, or ambulating. What could it be?
What's tx? |
|
Definition
Bartholin cyst
Tx: No intervention is necessary for asymptomatic Bartholin's cysts. A possible exception to this is women over age 40, for whom some experts suggest drainage and a biopsy be performed to exclude carcinoma. Biopsy is required for women of any age if there are findings suggestive of malignancy of the Bartholin’s gland or other vulvar site (eg, solid and/or fixed mass, skin lesions suggestive of malignancy) |
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Term
Pt presents with severe pain and swelling that they are unable to walk, sit, or have sexual intercourse. On examination, the abscess appears as a warm, tender, soft or fluctuant mass in the lower medial labia majora or lower vestibular area, occasionally surrounded by erythema (cellulitis) and edema (lymphangitis). A large abscess, however, can expand into the upper labia. Where the abscess is very close to the surface, pus may break through the thin layer of skin and drain spontaneously.
What could it be? How do you treat? |
|
Definition
Bartholin abscess
Tx: Immediate pain relief occurs upon drainage of pus. Women with abscesses that point and rupture spontaneously may only need analgesics or soaking of the genital area with warm compresses or with Sitz baths. An unruptured abscess should be drained |
|
|
Term
Pt presents with urinary obstruction, dyspareunia, and pain. They have an abscess located at the distal urethra.
What could it be? How do you treat? |
|
Definition
SKENE GLAND CYST AND ABSCESS
Tx: excision |
|
|
Term
| Bleeding in the first trimester without loss of fluid or tissue. What type of abortion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gross rupture of the membranes in the presence of cervical dilation. What type of abortion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of abortion?
The internal cervical os opens and allows passage of blood. The products of conception may remain entirely in utero OR may partially extrude through the dilated os. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of abortion?
documented pregnancy that spontaneously passes all of the products of conception. Before 10 weeks, the fetus and placenta are often expelled in toto. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of abortion?
Retention of a failed intrauterine pregnancy for an extended period. Usually defined as more than 2 menstrual cycles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term to describe when a patient has had more than 2 consecutive pregnancy losses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of abortion?
Medical or surgical termination of pregnancy before the time of fetal viability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is a septic abortion?
What are the most common etiologies? |
|
Definition
spontaneous or other abortion complicated by a pelvic infection
most common etiologies for septic abortion are retained products of conception due to incomplete spontaneous or therapeutic abortion and introduction of either normal or pathologic vaginal bacteria by instrumentation. |
|
|
Term
| What's the tx for a septic abortion? |
|
Definition
| fluid resuscitation, broad-spectrum IV antibiotics, and early obstetric consultation for evacuation of the uterus. Antibiotics, such as ampicillin/sulbactam, 3 grams IV, or clindamycin, 600 milligrams, plus gentamicin, 1 to 2 milligrams/kg IV, should cover both normal vaginal flora and those causing sexually transmitted disease. |
|
|
Term
| termination of gestation prior to the 20th week of pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the term for severe nausea and vomiting associated with weight loss, ketonemia and electrolyte imbalance during pregnancy?
What is tx?
|
|
Definition
hyperemesis gravidarium
Tx: Antiemetic therapy |
|
|
Term
| Placental location close to ror over the internal os is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ classically presnts with PAINLESS bleeding in the third trimester.
What type of complication sis it associated with? |
|
Definition
Placenta previa
Assoc with increase in preterm birth and perinatal mortality and morbidity |
|
|
Term
What is this:
abnormal premature separation of an otherwise normally implanted placenta. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HELLP Syndrome
what does that stand for? |
|
Definition
hemolysis
Elevated Liver enzymes
Low Platelet Count |
|
|
Term
| When do most cases of eclampsia occur? |
|
Definition
| within 24 hours of delivery |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for preeclampsia? |
|
Definition
nulliparity
multifetal gestation
maternal age >35
preeclampsia in previous pregnancy
chronic htn
pregestational DM
vascular and connective tissue disorder
nephropathy
antiphospholipid syndrome
obesity
african American race |
|
|
Term
| What's tx for pregnancy women who is undergoing a eclamptic seizure? |
|
Definition
seiure usually self-limited
can give magnesium 4 to 6 g IV to prevent further seizures |
|
|
Term
| What are anti-HTn meds used during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
Thiazide
Methyldopa
hydralazine
propranolol
Labetalol
nifedipine |
|
|
Term
| If pregnant woman has pre-eclampsia, what type of monitoring is needed? |
|
Definition
testing is recommended twice weekly for suspected fetal growth restrictions or oligohydramnios.
US for fetal growth and amniotic fluid assessment is required q 3w eeks. daily fetal movement assessment may be useful |
|
|
Term
When do you start pregnant woman on anti-HTN meds?
Whats the initial first line? |
|
Definition
if on repeated mesurements, the systolic BP is >160 or if diastolic exceeds 105-100
First line: hydralizine |
|
|
Term
| Define ectopic pregnancy. |
|
Definition
| WHen the blastocyst implants anywhere OTHER than the endometrial lining of the uterine cavity |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for ectopic pregnancy? |
|
Definition
hx of infertility
smoking
prior tubal surgery
DES exposure
advanced age
salpingitis |
|
|
Term
| Amenorrhea followed by vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain on affected side. There may or may not be associated breast tenderness, nausea, urinary frequency..what could it be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On physical exam, how can you differentiate ectopic pregnancy from tubal rupture? |
|
Definition
During ectopic pregnancy: no real abdominal or pelvic findings; need to relay on US and labs
With rupture: 75% of pts have marked tenderness on both abdominal and pelvic exam and pain aggravated with cervical manipulation |
|
|
Term
| What are the initial tests that should be done to rule out ectopic pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| Transvaginal ultrasound scan (TVS) and serial serum beta HCG |
|
|
Term
During normal pregnancies, what do you expect to see when doing serial beta HCG tests over 60 to 80 days?
What happens? |
|
Definition
| levels rise in log linear fashion until 60 to 80 days..then plateus at about 100,000 |
|
|
Term
| What is the most accurate technique to identify an ectopic pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What medication is used as surgical alternative for ectopic pregnancy? How does it work? |
|
Definition
| methotrexate: folic acid antagonist that competitively inhibits the binding of dihydrofolic acid to dihydrfolate reductase, which in turn reduce the amt of active intracellular metbolite, folinic acid |
|
|
Term
| menstrual cycles occurring at regular intervals of <21 days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prolonged (>7 days) or excessive (>80 mL daily) menstrual cycles occurring at regular intervals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menstrual cycles occurring at irregular intervals and more frequently |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prolonged or excessive menstrual cycles occurring at irregular and more frequent intervals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ectopic endometrial glands and stroma situated within the myometrium
what is this?
What does it cause?
What study helps identify it?
what is definitive tx? |
|
Definition
adenomyosis
study:MRI
Adenomyosis causes heavy painful menses when symptomatic. Diagnosis is suspected in a parous woman with menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and diffuse globular uterine enlargement.
tx: hysterectomy |
|
|
Term
| What's the causative agent in chancroid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's the tx for chancroid? |
|
Definition
| Azithromycin and ceftriaxone are recommended as a single-dose treatment |
|
|
Term
What is this:
chancre begins as a soft papule surrounded by erythema. After 24 to 48 hours it becomes pustular, eroded, and ulcerated
The edges of the ulcers are often ragged and undermined.
The ulcer is usually covered by a necrotic yellowish gray exudate. and its ground is composed of granulation tissue that bleeds readily on manipulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is chancroid and syphillis different? |
|
Definition
| In contrast to those of syphilis, chancroid ulcers are usually tender, not indurated (soft chancre), and painful. The diameter varies from 1 mm to 2 cm. Half of males have a single ulcer, and most lesions are found on the external or internal surface of the prepuce, on the frenulum, and on the glans |
|
|
Term
| What are the five stages of prolapse (ie. pelvic support defects)? |
|
Definition
Stage O: no prolapse
stage I: Leading part of the prolapse is more than 1 cm above the hymen
Stage II: The leading edge is less than or equal to 1 cm above or below the hymen.
Stage III: The leading edge is more than 1 cm beyond the hymen, but less than or equal to the total vaginal length
Stage IV: Complete eversion |
|
|
Term
| What are the four stages of prolapse (ie. pelvic support defects)? |
|
Definition
Stage O: no prolapse
stage I: Leading part of the prolapse is more than 1 cm above the hymen
Stage II: The leading edge is less than or equal to 1 cm above or below the hymen.
Stage III: The leading edge is more than 1 cm beyond the hymen, but less than or equal to the total vaginal length
Stage IV: Complete eversion |
|
|
Term
| A patient with a cystocele or urethrocele may complain of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the test used to determine the extent of the urethral hypermobility in a pelvic floor defect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the Qtip test, what lets you know there is urethral hypermobility? |
|
Definition
| the UVJ defected downward, thus causing the swab to rise. An angle greater than 30 degrees is considered a positive test. |
|
|
Term
How do you treat pelvic floor defects in pt that is asymptomatic/mildly symptomatic?
What are non surgical options? |
|
Definition
if asymptomatic/mildly symptomatic: can be observed at regular intervals
non surg options: pessaries, pelvic floor excercises and symptom directed management |
|
|
Term
| What are surgical options for pelvic floor defects? |
|
Definition
hysterectomy, uterosacral or sacrospinous ligament fixation by the vaginal approach or sacral hysteropexy by the abdominal approach.
If at high risk for complications with reconstructive procedures, colpocleisis (complete obliteration of the vaginal lumen) is an option. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of urinary incontinence? |
|
Definition
| stress, urge and overflow |
|
|
Term
| A patient with what kind of urinary incontinence will present with c/o loss of urine during activities that cause increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as coughing, laughing or sneezing. |
|
Definition
| stress urinary incontinence |
|
|
Term
Pt presents complaining of continuous leakage of small amounts of urine. What kind of urinary incontinence?
Why is this happening? |
|
Definition
overflow
bladder does not empty completely during voiding due to an inability of the detrusor muscle to contract. It may occur bc of an obstruction of the urethra or a neurologic deficit that causes the pt to lose the ability to perceive the need to void. |
|
|
Term
| What is urodynamic testing? |
|
Definition
can be used for urinary incontinence
measures the pressure and volume of the bladder as it fills and the flow rate as it empties. |
|
|
Term
| Non surgical options for urinary incontinence |
|
Definition
| weight loss, caffeine reduction and fluid management, reduction of physical forces (ie. work, exercise), cessation of smoking and relief of constipation |
|
|
Term
| DRUGS USED FOR URINARY INCONTINENCE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are surgical options for urinary incontinence? |
|
Definition
| retropubic colposuspension and sling procedure |
|
|
Term
How do you diagnose placenta tissue retention?
What are causes? |
|
Definition
Ultrasonographic findings of an echogenic uterine mass strongly support a diagnosis of retained placental products.
Retention of placental tissue in the uterine cavity occurs in placenta accreta, in manual removal of the placenta, in mismanagement of the third stage of labor, and in unrecognized succenturiate placenta |
|
|
Term
When does retained placenta occur?
What are predisposing factors? |
|
Definition
Can occur when either the process of separation or the process of expulsion is incomplete.
Predisposing factors: previous c section, uterine leiomyomata, prior uterine curetage and succenturiate placental lobe. |
|
|
Term
| What are complications of retained placenta? |
|
Definition
| can prevent adequate contractions, leading to atony and excessive bleeding |
|
|
Term
True or False.
Should dystocia cannot be predicted or prevented, because accurate methods for identifying which fetuses will experience complications does not exist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some antepartum conditions associated with shoulder dystocia? |
|
Definition
multiparity
postterm gestation
previous hx of macrosomic birth
previous hx of shoulder dystocia |
|
|
Term
What is the turtle sign?
Helps in diagnosis of what? |
|
Definition
delivered fetal head may retract against the maternal perineum
helps in diagnosis of shoulder dystocia |
|
|
Term
| What are the four leopold maneuvers? |
|
Definition
1. determination of what is in the fundus
2. evaluation of the fetal back and extremities
3. Palpation of the presenting part above the symphysis
4. determination f the direction and degree of flexion of the head |
|
|
Term
What is breech positioning?
What are the three types of breech positions? |
|
Definition
Frank:feet are near the head
Complete: legs are crossed
Footling: one or both feet are extended |
|
|
Term
What conditions are associated with a breech presentation?
|
|
Definition
prematurity
multiple pregnancies
polyhydraminos
hydrocephaly
anencephaly
aneuploidy
uterine anomalies
uterine tumors |
|
|
Term
| What is the major complication of premature rupture of membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Women who do what have an increased risk of PROM?
What are other risk factors? |
|
Definition
smoker!!
Others: short cervical length
prior preterm delivery
hydraminos
multiple gestations
bleeding in early pregnancy (threatened abortion) |
|
|
Term
| What tests are used to distinguish amniotic fluid from urine? |
|
Definition
Nitrazine test: uses pH to dermine.
Amniotic fluid is more alkaline and
Vaginal secretions pH is btw 4.5-6
Urine is <6
Fern test: amniotic fluid develops pattern of arborization when fluid is placed on slide and allowed to dry. due to sodium chloride content (this test is more reliable then nitrazine test) |
|
|
Term
| If evaluation suggests intrauterine infection after PROM, what do you do? |
|
Definition
| IV abx therapy and delivery are indicated, regardless of gestational age |
|
|
Term
Pt presents with Fever and a soft, tender uterus.
The lochia may or may not have a foul odor. Leukocytosis (white blood cell count > 10,000/[image]L) is seen. In more severe disease, high fever, malaise, abdominal tenderness, ileus, hypotension, and generalized sepsis may be seen. Movement of the uterus causes increased pain.
What could it be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of sxs are generally pathognmonic for strep b associated endometritis?
when do sxs start? |
|
Definition
| Endometritis usually develops on the second or third postpartum day. Early fever (within hours of delivery) and hypotension are almost pathognomonic for infection with -hemolytic streptococci. |
|
|
Term
| What is standard first line tx for endometritis? |
|
Definition
| Clindamycin plus an aminoglycoside is a standard first-line regimen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The first maneuver permits identification of which fetal pole—that is, cephalic or podalic—occupies the uterine fundus. The breech gives the sensation of a large, nodular mass, whereas the head feels hard and round and is more mobile and ballottable
Performed after determination of fetal lie, the second maneuver is accomplished as the palms are placed on either side of the maternal abdomen, and gentle but deep pressure is exerted. On one side, a hard, resistant structure is felt—the back. On the other, numerous small, irregular, mobile parts are felt—the fetal extremities. By noting whether the back is directed anteriorly, transversely, or posteriorly, the orientation of the fetus can be determined
The third maneuver is performed by grasping with the thumb and fingers of one hand the lower portion of the maternal abdomen just above the symphysis pubis. If the presenting part is not engaged, a movable mass will be felt, usually the head. The differentiation between head and breech is made as in the first maneuver. If the presenting part is deeply engaged, however, the findings from this maneuver are simply indicative that the lower fetal pole is in the pelvis, and details are then defined by the fourth maneuver
To perform the fourth maneuver, the examiner faces the mother's feet and, with the tips of the first three fingers of each hand, exerts deep pressure in the direction of the axis of the pelvic inlet. In many instances, when the head has descended into the pelvis, the anterior shoulder may be differentiated readily by the third maneuver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is customary to estimate the expected date of delivery by adding 7 days to the date of the first day of the last normal menstrual period and counting back 3 months |
|
|
Term
| How does the DSM IV describe PMS? |
|
Definition
| Women with PMS usually present with complaints from multiple systems, and these symptoms display temporal association with the menstrual cycle luteal phase. Symptoms must begin at least 5 days (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG] criteria) or 1 week (DSM-IV-TR) before menses, and remit within 4 days (ACOG criteria) or a few days (DSM-IV-TR) after menses onset |
|
|
Term
| What meds are used for PMS syndrome? |
|
Definition
Prozac, Sarafem
Celexa
Lexapro
Zoloft
Paxil
Luvox |
|
|
Term
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), lists the diagnostic criteria for (PMDD) as a specific set of at least 5 of 11 possible symptoms with at least 1 core symptom-specifically depressed mood, anxiety or tension irritability, or decreased interest in activities (anhedonia).
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soft, bright-red, benign tumor, usually pedunculated, often emerges from the cervical os. It may cause discharge and bleeding. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What's the treatment for pediculosis pubis?
What are sxs? |
|
Definition
itchiness
tx: Nonprescription shampoos contain pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide and should remain on the skin for at least 1 hour.
In spite of treatment, pruritus may continue and may be relieved by oral antihistamines, anti-inflammatory cream or ointment, or both. The patient should be re-evaluated after 1 week to document louse eradication. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three stages of labor? |
|
Definition
First stage: onset of labor to complete dilation (10 cm)
<28.5 hrs in primes
<20 hrs in multips
Second stage: complete dilation to birth of baby
<2.5 hrs in primes
<1 hr in multips
Third stage: birth of baby to delivery of placenta
5-10 avg, but up to 30 min is normal |
|
|
Term
| what occurs during true labor? |
|
Definition
Ctxs at regular intervals
Ctxs increase in intensity and frequency
Bloody show
Progressive dilation of cervix and descent of presenting part
Sedation does not stop true labor (but may slow early labor) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during false labor? |
|
Definition
No increase in intensity/frequency of ctxs
No bloody show-mucous & blood, capillaries bursting as
labor begins
No change in cervix
No descent of presenting part
Sedation frequently stops false labor |
|
|
Term
| What is the puerperium period? |
|
Definition
| 6 ti 8 week period following birth during which the reproductive tract, as well as the rest of the body, returns to the nonpregnant state. |
|
|
Term
| A mom delivers a baby and does not want to breast feed. What should you tell her about her breasts? |
|
Definition
avoid nipple stimulation and be cautioned against continued manual expression of milk
breast engorgement in women who are not breastfeeding occurs int eh first few days post partum and gradually abates. using ice packs, good bra can relieve comfort |
|
|
Term
| What is going on to this pt: about 8 to 14 days after giving birth and she is now experiencing vaginal bleeding. Why? |
|
Definition
| separation and passage of the placental eschar. Self limited and requires no therapy |
|
|
Term
| what type of immunizations should be considered for new mom post delivery? |
|
Definition
| Tdap and anti-D immunoglobulin in D- mom--ideally within 72 hours of giving birth |
|
|
Term
| What bowel and bladder issues do you expect post baby? |
|
Definition
common to not have a baby 1-2 days after delivery. may prescribe stool softners, especially if fourth degree episiotomy
hemorrhoids- no surgery for at least 6 months; prescribe sitz baths, stool softners, and local preps
periurethral edema after vaginal delivery may cause urinary retention so pt 's urinary output shoudl be monitored for first 24 hours. |
|
|
Term
| What can you do for perineum post baby? |
|
Definition
oral analgesics
ice bag to minimize swelling
24 hours after delivery--moist heat in a warm sitz bath can help promote healing |
|
|
Term
| What do you tell patient about sexual activity after sex? |
|
Definition
risk of infection and hemorhage is minimal after 2 weeks.
sex may be uncomfortable initially esp if breast feeding bc of decreased estrogen which typically helps with lubrication
Pt can apply topical estrogen or lubricant to help during sex
Recommended sex position: superior position for female so she can control penile penetration |
|
|
Term
| How does post partum depression differ from post partum blues? |
|
Definition
postpartum depression is a more serious disorder and usually requires medication and counseling.
PPD differes from post partum blues in the severity and duration of sxs
women with PPD have pronounced feelings of sadness, anxiety and despair that interefere with ADLs. The sxs do not abate, but instead worsen over several weeks. |
|
|
Term
| What's different in how you treat postpartum blues vs postpartum depression? |
|
Definition
no tx for the blues
post partum depression: antidepressant pharmacotherapy; psychotherapy |
|
|
Term
| What big questions do you want to ask at the postpartum visit? |
|
Definition
status of breastfeeding
return of menstruation
resumption of coital activity
use of contraception
interaction fo the newborn with the family
resumption of other physical activities such as return to work
sadness/depression/anxiety |
|
|
Term
| What are some benefits of breast feeding? |
|
Definition
| decreased risks of otitis and respiratory infections, diarrheal infections, sudden infant death, allergic and atopic disease, juvenile onset DM, childhood cancers, fever hospital admission in first year of life, improved cognitive functions |
|
|
Term
| Why is breast feeding wonderful for premature infants? |
|
Definition
| reduces risk of necrotizing enterocolitis |
|
|
Term
| What are benefits to mother who breast feeds? |
|
Definition
improved materanl-child attachment
reduced fertility due to lactational amenorrhea
reduced incidence of some hormonally sensitive cancer- ie. breast cancer |
|
|
Term
| What is colostrum? When is it produced? |
|
Definition
produced in tehf irst 5 days postpartum and is slowly replaced by materanl milk
colostrum contains more minerals and protein but less fat and sugar than maternal milk.
Also contains immunoglobulin A which protects newborn from enteric pathogens |
|
|
Term
| what vitamin can be added to breast milk for the baby? |
|
Definition
vit K
helps prevent hemorhhagic disease of the newborn |
|
|
Term
| What's imp to know about nipple care in breast feeding mom? |
|
Definition
nipples should be washed with water and exposed to air for 15 to 20 min after each feeding
water based cream such as lanolin or A and D ointment may be applied if nipples tender. |
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|
