Term
| loss or gain of heat when ice melts |
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Definition
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Term
| loss or gain of heat when water freezes |
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Definition
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Term
| causes late spring and fall in southern new england |
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Definition
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Term
| makes sea water salty with dissolved substances |
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Definition
| universal solvent property |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| helps hold biological cells together within thin cell membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| loss or gain of heat when water evaporates |
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Definition
| latent heat of vaporization |
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Term
| highest of all common liquids |
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Definition
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Term
| increases with decreasing temp, down to 4C |
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Definition
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Term
| helps explain narrow range of temp change occuring near ocean compared to interior regions |
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Definition
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Term
| important in global heat and water transfer in the atmosphere |
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Definition
| latent heat of vaporization |
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Term
| loss of gain of heat when humidity condenses |
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Definition
| latent heat of vaporization |
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Term
| sets the atmosphere in motion |
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Definition
| latent heat of vaporization |
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Term
| keeps temp of polar areas w/in narrow range |
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Definition
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Term
| preferred form of inorganic nitrogen for marine algae |
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Definition
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Term
| required for the shells of diatoms |
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Definition
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Term
| nitrogen junk food for marine algae |
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Definition
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Term
| form of inorganic nitrogen that allos for population growth of microscopic marine plants |
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Definition
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Term
| recycled form of nitrogen in near-surface waters |
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Definition
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Term
| stable form of nitrogen found in deep ocean waters |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| in redfield ratio, it is the 16 |
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Definition
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Term
| in redfield ratio, it is the 1 |
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Definition
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Term
| needed to make amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| caused by coastal erosion |
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Definition
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Term
| fragments of asteroids or comets |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| dissolved at depths deeper than the CCD |
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Definition
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Term
| found on sea floor beneath warm surface water at low latitudes |
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Definition
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Term
| found under upwelling zones |
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Definition
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Term
| found on sea floor beneath cool surface with in high latitudes |
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Definition
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Term
| found on sea floor along mid ocean ridges |
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Definition
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Term
| form of inorganic nitrogen that allows for growth of marine algae |
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Definition
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Term
| nutrient in detergent that causes eutrophication when sewage discharges into lakes |
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Definition
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Term
| limiting nutrient in fresh water |
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Definition
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Term
| % known species inhabit ocean |
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Definition
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Term
| effect of marine environment more stable than terrestrial |
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Definition
| less pressure to diversify |
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Term
| what keeps algae and small organisms from sinking |
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Definition
small size and adaptations to increase their ratio of surface area to body mass (gives high frictional resistance to sinking)
-small size: efficiently absorb nutrients and dispose of waste
-streamlined bodies to overcome viscosity of seawater and move easily |
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Term
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Definition
smaller, ornate plumage, greater number of species, smaller total biomass than those in cold water
-shorter lives, reproduce earlier |
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Term
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Definition
extends from shore seaward
-all water less than 200m deep |
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Term
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Definition
seaward of neritic
-depth increases beyond 200m.
-divided into 4 biozones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| surface to depth with enough light for photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
small quantities of light
-photoic to depth w/no light |
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Term
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Definition
no light
-below about 1000m |
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Term
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Definition
| transtional region from land to seafloor above spring high tide line |
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Term
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Definition
spring high tide shoreline to 200m
encompass continental shelf |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
intertidal zone
zone between high and low tides |
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Term
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Definition
shallow subtidal zone
from low tide shoreline to 200m |
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Term
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Definition
| depth at which marine algae no longer attacvhed to bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| from inner sublittoral zone to 200m, or shelf break (seaward edge of continental shelf) |
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Term
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Definition
from 200 to 4000m.
continental slope |
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Term
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Definition
4000 to 6000m
more than 80% of benthic environment |
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Term
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Definition
below 6000m
deep trenches along margins of continents |
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Term
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Definition
-combustion of fossil fuels
-60% contribution to greenhouse effect
-IR absorption: 1 |
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Term
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Definition
-leakage, domestic cattle, rice agriculture
-15% contribution to greenhouse effect
-IR absorption: 25 |
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Term
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Definition
-combustion of fossil fuels, industrial processes
-5% contribution to greenhouse effect
-IR absorption: 200 |
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Term
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Definition
-byproduct of combustion
-8% contribution to greenhouse effect
-IR absorption: 2000 |
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Term
| chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-11) |
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Definition
-refridgerants, industrial uses
-4% contribution to greenhouse effect
-IR absorption: 12,000 |
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Term
| chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-12) |
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Definition
-refrigerants, industrial uses
-8% contribution to greenhouse effect
-IR absorption: 15,000 |
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Term
organism adaptation to adverse condition rocky intertidal zone:
drying out during low tide |
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Definition
-seek shelter or go into shell
-thick exterior or exoskeleton prevent water loss
-external surface covered with rock or shell fragments prevent water loss
-apated to periodic drying out without dying
-sea slugs, snails, crabs, kelp |
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Term
organism adaptation to adverse condition rocky intertidal zone:
strong wave activity |
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Definition
-algae: strong hold to prevent being washed away
-animals: shelter or have strong attachment threads, biological adhesives, muscular foot, multiple legs, tube feel to attach firm to bottom
-both: hard structures adapted to withstand wave energy, cluster close together
-kelp, snails, sea stars, mussels, urchins |
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Term
organism adaptation to adverse condition rocky intertidal zone:
predators occupy area during low tide/high tide |
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Definition
-firm attachment of body parts, including hard shell
-stinging cells
-camouflauge
-inking
-able to break off body parts and regrow
-mussels, anenomes, slugs, octipus, sea stars |
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Term
organism adaptation to adverse condition rocky intertidal zone:
difficulty finding mates for attached species |
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Definition
-release large numbers egg/sperm into water column
-long organs to reach
-abalones, urchins, barnacles |
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Term
organism adaptation to adverse condition rocky intertidal zone:
rapid change in temp, salinity, ph, oxygen content |
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Definition
-able to withdraw into shells to minimize exposure to rapid changes
-able to exist in varied temp, salinity, ph, and low oxygen for extended time
-snails, limpets, mussels, barnacles |
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Term
organism adaptation to adverse condition rocky intertidal zone:
lack of space or attachment sites |
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Definition
-overtake anothers space
-attach to other organisms
-planktonic larval forms that inhabit new areas, limits parental and offspring competition for same space
-bryozoans, coral, barnacles, limpets |
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Term
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Definition
| flexible, useful to accelerate and maneuver at slow speeds |
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Term
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Definition
on faster fish
-flexible for better propulsion and maneuvering |
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Term
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Definition
asymmetrical, most of mass and surface area in upper lobe
-significant lift |
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Term
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Definition
cold blooded
-not fast swimmers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
prominent canine teeth
-sea otters, polar bears, pinnipeds (walrus, seal, sea lions (skin covered slippers to propel through ocean) |
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Term
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Definition
-toenails (only manatees)
-sparse hair cover body
-vegetarians
-manatees, dugongs |
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Term
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Definition
-best adapted to open ocean life
-high streamlined body, fast swimmers
-collapsable lungs, allow to dive deep
-whales, dolphins, porpoises |
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Term
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Definition
-toothed whales
-use echolocation to find way and find prey
-dolphin, porpoise, killer whale, sperm whale
-clicking sounds, can determine size, shape, distance..etc. |
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Term
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Definition
baleen whales
-separate prey from water using baleen plates as strainer
-gray whale, rorqual whales, right whales |
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Term
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Definition
-long slender bodies
-minke, bryde's, sei, fin, blue whales |
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Term
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Definition
humpback whales
-more robust body |
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Term
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Definition
legal under objection to iwc ban on commercial whaling
-norway |
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Term
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Definition
for research. meat may be sold commercially
-japan |
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Term
| aboriginal subsistence whaling |
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Definition
-native cultures whith long standing cultural tradition and meat satisfies needs of community
-greenland, russia, us, st vincent and grenadines in caribbean |
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Term
| atmosphere and global warming |
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Definition
acts as greenhouse
-traps heat that came in, stops from reflecting back out (closed car parked in sun) |
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Term
| incoming visible spectrum heat |
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Definition
47% absorbed by land and ocean
23% absorbed by atmosphere and clouds
30% reflected back into space |
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Term
| deadliest predicted effects of global warming |
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Definition
-polar ice cap melting (rise sea level, change ocean circulation, extinctoins more warming due to reduced albedo)
-adverse economic consequences (hurricane damage, crop failure, wild fire, wars over water)
-increased drought, flood, heat wave
-more frequent and stronger hurricaine
-spread of disease due to insects spreading to higher latitudes and elevations |
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Term
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Definition
-coral reef bleaching
-increased stratification
-shutdown ocean conveyer (deep circulation)
-changes in marine biogeographic distributions |
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Term
| ocean acidification consequence |
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Definition
| collapse of coral reef ecosystems |
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Term
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Definition
-most incoming is short wave
-most reflected is long wave
-reflected heat absorbed by heat treapping atmospheric gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, etc). gases reradiate some of infared energy, produing greenhouse effect. change of wavelength from visable to infared=key to understand how greenhouse works, light passes through atmosphere, heat is trapped |
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Term
current evidence global warming:
arctic sea ice |
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Definition
declined 8.5% per decade
-less ice=less reflection, more warming |
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Term
current evidence global warming:
glaciers |
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Definition
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Term
current evidence global warming:
heat |
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Definition
2005 hottest yr since 1860
-2003 massive heat wave europe, killed 35000 ppl |
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Term
current evidence global warming:
storms |
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Definition
| -increae in number and strength of cyclones |
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Term
current evidence global warming:
permafrost |
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Definition
| melting all around arctic. thawing of methane here adds to greenhouse |
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