Term
| What side of the chest is the Aortic Sounds heard? |
|
Definition
| Right 2nd Intercostal Space |
|
|
Term
| What side of the chest is the Pumonic Sounds heard? |
|
Definition
| Left 2nd Intercostal Space |
|
|
Term
| Which ventricle occupies most of the anterior cardiac surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "What two structures of the heart make up the ""wedge-like""structure behinde and to the left of the sternum?" |
|
Definition
| Left Ventricle and the Pulmonary Artery |
|
|
Term
| The base of the heart is more superiorly or inferiorly directed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the PMI loacated? |
|
Definition
| 5th Intercostal space 7-9cm lateral to the midline on the left side. |
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Term
| A PMI greater than 2.5cm is evidence of what? |
|
Definition
| "Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH), or enlargement" |
|
|
Term
| What does displacement of the PMI greater than 10cm laterally mean |
|
Definition
| "Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH), or enlargement" |
|
|
Term
| Where could the PMI be with a patient with COPD? |
|
Definition
| Xiphoid or Epigastric area as a result of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) |
|
|
Term
| What are the great vessels of the heart? |
|
Definition
| "Aorta, Pulmonary Artery and Superior and Inferior Vena Cava" |
|
|
Term
| Blood normally courses through the heart valves in what order? |
|
Definition
| "Tricuspid Valve, Pulmonic Valve, Mitral Valve and Aortic Valve" |
|
|
Term
| What valves are some times called the semilunar valves? |
|
Definition
| Pulmonic (Left) and Aortic (Right) Valves |
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|
Term
| The hearts sounds occure when the valves open or close? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The period of Ventricular Contraction is called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The period of Ventricular Relaxation is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "During Systole, the Aortic Valve is open or closed?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "During Diastole, the Mitral Valve is open or closed?" |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| During Diastole the pressure in the Left Atrium is greater or less than the pressure in the Left Ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the closure of the Mitral Valve? |
|
Definition
| "Left Ventricular Systole, pressure in L. Vent. Exceeds pressure in L. Atrium." |
|
|
Term
| What cause the 1st Heart sound (S1)? |
|
Definition
| Closing of the Mitral Valve |
|
|
Term
| What cause the opening of the Aortic Valve? |
|
Definition
| Pressure in the L. Vent. Exceeds Aortic Pressure |
|
|
Term
| What sound is caused by the opening of the Aortic Valve? |
|
Definition
| "None, unless pathological condition" |
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|
Term
| Maximal L. Ventricular pressure corresponds to what in the blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "An Ejection Sound is common in patients in some pathological conditions, where would you hear an Ejection Sound?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closing of the Aortic Valve |
|
|
Term
| What happens to make the Aortic Valve close? |
|
Definition
| Pressue in the Aorta exceeds the pressure in the L. Vent. |
|
|
Term
| The Second Heart sound signifies what? |
|
Definition
| The beginning of Ventricular Diastole |
|
|
Term
| What causes the Mitral Valve to reopen? |
|
Definition
| When the pressure of the Left Atrium exceeds the pressure in the L. Vent. |
|
|
Term
| What is a common cause of an Opening Snap? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "An""S3 Gallop"" in Children and Young Adults is normal or abnormal?" |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| "An ""S3 Gallop"" in Older Adults is caused by what?" |
|
Definition
| Change in Ventricular Compliance |
|
|
Term
| The fouth heart sound is made by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the 4th Heart Sound signify |
|
Definition
| Change in Ventricular Compliance |
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|
Term
| Systolic Murmurs occur between what two Heart Sounds? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Diastolic Murmurs occur between what tow Heart Sounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the Left or Right side of the heart a higher pressure system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "During inspirationg, one can normally hear a split of what heart sound?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is makes the split sound of S2 in to A2 and P2? |
|
Definition
| The closing of the Arotic Valve and Pulmonic Valve respectivley |
|
|
Term
| Does the splitting of the S1 vary with respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the grades of Heart Murmurs? |
|
Definition
| "1-Very faint 2-Always, quiet 3-Louder 4-Loud 5-Heard with Steth. Partially off chest 6-Heard with Steth. Completely off of chest." |
|
|
Term
| Is the Grade of the Heart Murmurs indicative of the severity? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where would you auscultate for a Pulmonic Murmur? |
|
Definition
| 2nd-3rd intercostal space just right of the sturnum. |
|
|
Term
| Where would you auscultate for a Aortic Murmur? |
|
Definition
| 2nd-3rd intercostal space left of the sturnum. |
|
|
Term
| Where would you auscultate for a Tircuspid Murmur? |
|
Definition
| 3rd-4th Intercoastal space left sturnal boarder. |
|
|
Term
| Where would you auscultate for a Mitral Murmur? |
|
Definition
| 4th-5th Intercostal space 7cm left of the sturnal boarder. |
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|
Term
| The Sinus Node acts as the cardiac pacemnaker and automatically discharger how many times per minute? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Electronic Vectors approaching a lead case a positive or negative deflection in a ECG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P-R Interval is how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ventricular Depolarization |
|
|
Term
| How long is the QRS Complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ventricular Repolarization or recovery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many Precordial Leads are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plane are the Precoridal Leads in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many Limb Leads are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plane are the Limb Leads in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do each of the Precordial Lead correspond to? |
|
Definition
| 1-SA Node 2-Interatrial Bundle/Internodal Branches 3-AV Node 4-Bundle of His 5-R and L. Bundle Branches 6-Purkinji Fibers. |
|
|
Term
| In what direction do Ventricular Contraction transmit? |
|
Definition
| From Apex to Base and Exterior to Interior |
|
|
Term
| S1 corresponds to what in the ECG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S2 coresponds to what in the ECG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac Output is the Product of what 2 things? |
|
Definition
| Heart Rate and Stroke Volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The load that stretches the cardiac muscle before contraction. |
|
|
Term
| What causes a high Right Ventricular Preload? |
|
Definition
| "Increased Venous Return through Inspiration, exercise Congestive Heart Failure" |
|
|
Term
| What cause a low Right Ventricular Preload? |
|
Definition
| "Decreased Venous Return though, Exhalation, decreased L. Vent output and pooling of blood in capillary bed or the venous system." |
|
|
Term
| What is Myocardial Contractility? |
|
Definition
| "The ability of the cardiac muscle, when given a load, to shorten." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the degree of vascular resistance to ventricular contraction. |
|
|
Term
| What casues resistance to the Left Ventricle? |
|
Definition
| "Walls of the Aorta, Large arteries, and peripheral vascular tree, as well as blood already in the aorta." |
|
|
Term
| Is the term Congestive Heart Failure a prefered term these days? |
|
Definition
| "No, because not all patients have volume overlad on initial presentation. We should say Heart Failure." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The difference between Systolic and Diastolic pressures |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 things that influence Arterial Pressure? |
|
Definition
| "1-L. Vent. Stroke Volulme 2-Distensibility of the Aora and Lg. Arteries 3-Peripheral Vascular Resistance, particularly at the arterioral level 4-Volume of blood in the arterial system." |
|
|
Term
| What are some things that can flucuate Blood Pressure through out the day? |
|
Definition
| "Physical activity, emotional state, pain, noise, environmental temperature, use of coffe, tobacco, and other drugs, and even the time of day." |
|
|
Term
| Jugular Venous Pressure helps to judge what pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Central Venous Pressure is equal to what? |
|
Definition
| Right Ventricular end-diastolic pressure. |
|
|
Term
| What makes your Jugular Venous Pressure fall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What make your Jugular Venous Pressure rise? |
|
Definition
| "R or L Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension, Tricuspid Stenosis, and Pericardial Compression or Tamponade." |
|
|
Term
| What angle of the head is optimal for messuring Jugular Venous Pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is norman messurment form Jugular Venous Pressure? |
|
Definition
| 4cm or less above sternal angle or 9 or less abouve the Right Atrium. |
|
|
Term
| Where do measure Jugular Venous Pressure? |
|
Definition
| At Sternal Angle and Where the internal Jugual seems to colaps |
|
|
Term
| "In Jugular Venous Pulsation what do the points a,x,v,and y represent?" |
|
Definition
| a-Atrial Contraction x-Atrial relaxation v-Atrial filling y-Atrial emptying |
|
|
Term
| Where do S1 and S2 occur in relation to the Jugular Venous Pulsation? |
|
Definition
| "S1 is just after a-Wave, S2 is just after the x-Decent" |
|
|
Term
| What are two large blood vessel murmurs that are common or innocent in children? |
|
Definition
| Venous Hum and Cervical Systolic bruit. |
|
|
Term
| What is a sign of Arterial Obstruction in Adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 1st thing to find out when assessing Cardiac Symptoms? |
|
Definition
| "Baseline level of activity (Does it occure when walking up stairs? How many, How far…etc?" |
|
|
Term
| "Classic exertional pain, pressure, or discomfort in the chest, shoulder, back, neck or arm is seen in what?" |
|
Definition
| Angina Pectoris and 50% of patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction |
|
|
Term
| Chest pains often signals what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Acute Coronary Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| "Refer to any of the Clinical Syndromes caused by acuteMyocardial Ischemia (Unstable Angiana, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, and ST elevation infarction)" |
|
|
Term
| "Tearing or ripping, often radiation into the back or neck is indicative of what pathology?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F many heart irregularities can be identified at the bedside? |
|
Definition
| "False, only Atrial Firbrilation (Irregularly irregular)" |
|
|
Term
| What is an unpleasnat awareness of the heartbeat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "What is a rapid regular rate of less than 120 beats per minute, especially if starting and stoping more gradually?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Suspect what if in the history it includes transient skips and flip-flops? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rapid regular beating of sudden onset and offset? |
|
Definition
| Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| An uncomfortable awareness of breathing that is inappropriate to a given level of exertion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dyspnea that occurs when the patient is lying down and improves when the patient sits up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Orthopnea is seen in what conditions? |
|
Definition
| "Left Ventricular Heart Failure or Mitral Stenosis, also in Obstructive Lung Disease" |
|
|
Term
| "Episodes of sudden dyspnea and orthopnea that awaken the patient from sleep usually 1 or2 hours after going to bed, prompting the patient to sit up, stand up, or go to a window for air." |
|
Definition
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND) |
|
|
Term
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea is seen in what conditions? |
|
Definition
| "Left Ventricular Heart Failure or Nitral Stenosis, may be mimicked by Nocturnal Asthma Attacks" |
|
|
Term
| The accumulation of excessive fluid in the extra vascular IntersitialSspace. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of weight can be accomodated by the ISF befor pitting Edema appears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "What Edema appears in the lowest body parts; the feet and lower legs when sitting,or the sacrum when bedridden?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of Dependent Edema? |
|
Definition
| "Cardiac (Congestive Heart Failure), Nutritional (Hypoalbuminemia), or Positional" |
|
|
Term
| Where will edema be noticed in Nephrotic Syndrom? |
|
Definition
| "Preiorbital Puffiness, tight rings" |
|
|
Term
| Where will edema be noticed in Liver Failure? |
|
Definition
| Enlarged waistline from Ascites and Liver Failure |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 Important topics for health promoting and counseling? |
|
Definition
| Sreeening for 1-HTN 2-Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke 3-Dyslipidemias and Promoting lifestyle modification and risk-factor reduction. |
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