Term
| What is the purpose for the Image Receptor? |
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Definition
| Collect the radiographic information and make an image we can see. |
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Term
| What % of podiatrist are currently using digital radiography? |
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Definition
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Term
| Heavily irradiated areas turn what color? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to Ionic Ag+1 as it is transformed to Ag0? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does complete attenuation of X-Rays lead to in the film? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What does partial attenuation/transmission lead to in film? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Double sided film is Safer and Cheaper? |
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Definition
| FALSE, safer but more costly |
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Term
| What does Emulsion contain? |
|
Definition
| Crystalline Silver Halide "grain" |
|
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Term
| What are the Halides in Siliver-Halide? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What can the "grains" be sensitize to in order to hold a "latent" image? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the Atomic arrangement inside Hexagonal Crystal? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the somewhat nonrigid crystal with negative surface charge that atoms & electrons may migrate to? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do absorb photons do within the grain? |
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Definition
| Liberate Halide electrons. |
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Term
| T/F Photoelectrons & Compton Electrons are produced that migrate throughout the crystal dislodging other electrons. Some are trapped by sensitivity speck Ag+? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What color is the Latent Image Center? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens to crystal that have not been irradiated? |
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Definition
| They will remain crystalline and inactive |
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Term
| How many silver atoms are deposited at the Sensitivity Speck (Latent Image Center)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T/F Light does the same thing that X-Rays do? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T/F Processing Transformation of Latent Image to Manifest Image is a Catalytic Rxn? |
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Definition
| TRUE, thus given enough time, ALL crystals will be reduced to black grains, though Sensitized Crystals will be the 1st to be reduced. |
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Term
| T/F Over time, most underdeveloped silver halide will be reduced to silver? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What 2 things are critical to film development? |
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Definition
| Time & Temperature. Ag+1 must be removed from gelatin (via fixation) prior to viewing in light. |
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Term
| What does to much heat do to the Chemestry? |
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Definition
| Supercharge = All Black X-Rays |
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Term
| What does excessive cold do to film development/ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the earliest that you can take a film out of the chemestry? |
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Definition
| When some of the areas have turned clear. |
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Term
| What does the Fixing Bath do? |
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Definition
| Removes all uexposed silver from emulsion. Literally clears unexposed film. |
|
|
Term
| What does the Fix time equal? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Once cleared, you can view the film in Light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the Developer? |
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Definition
| Na or K carbonate. Provides a Basic media (pH 10-11). Swells gelatin binder & softens emulsion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acetic Acid - Provides Acid Media (pH 4.0) for hardener & also helps neutralize developer. |
|
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Term
| What is the intermediate the developer and fixer? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How often do you clean automatic machines? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the temperatures use in Manual and Automatic development? |
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Definition
| Manual 68 degrees optimum, Automatic 80-84 degress |
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|
Term
| What happens is the film temperature is too high? |
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Definition
| Film gets fog and overdeveloped. |
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|
Term
| What do you have to check everyday in Ohio in both manual and automatic methods? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the time difference for development of Manual and Automatic? |
|
Definition
| Manual <1 HR, Auto ~90 SECS |
|
|
Term
| What are the Reducing Agents for Developer? |
|
Definition
| Metol, Phenidone & Hydroquinone |
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|
Term
| What are the Activator for Developer? |
|
Definition
| Sodium Carbonate (alkaline pH) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Restrainer for Developer? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the preservative for Developer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Water in the Developer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Reducing Agents for Auto Processor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Hardener for Auto Processor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Fixing Agent? |
|
Definition
| Ammonium Thiosulfate ("hypo") |
|
|
Term
| What is the Acidifier & Activatior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Hardener of the Fixer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 General Conciderations for Film Handling & Storage? |
|
Definition
| Improper Handling, Heat & Humidity, Light, Radiation and Shelf Life |
|
|
Term
| T/F Film is pressure sensitive? |
|
Definition
| TRUE, avoid creasing, rough handling or dirt on hands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| < 20 degrees C (68 degrees F) |
|
|
Term
| What does increased humidity cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does decreased humidity cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Static Tree Branch, must reshoot |
|
|
Term
| T/F Any safelight will do as long as you use it correctly? |
|
Definition
| FALSE, must match the film type |
|
|
Term
| What should you keep loaded X-Ray cassettes away from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does aging of film result in? |
|
Definition
| Loss of speed & contrast and fog |
|
|
Term
| How should you store the film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Film that has been shot will be less sensitive that film that has not yet been shot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ability of crystals of certain inorganic salts (phosphors) to emit light when excited by X-Rays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Intensifying Screens do? |
|
Definition
| Absorb X-Ray photons & emit many more visible light photons which then expose film |
|
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Term
| What is the ability of crystals of certain inorganic salts (phosphors) to continue to emit light after being excited by X-Rays? |
|
Definition
| Phosphorescence (Afterglow) |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary fx of intensifying screens? |
|
Definition
| decrease dose 20-50x, shorter exposure times, facilitate radiography of thick body parts which otherwise require high exposure and Decrease risk of motion blurring |
|
|
Term
| T/F Intensifying Screen help with image sharpness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 Basic Layers of Intensifying Screens? |
|
Definition
| Base (plastic or cardboard), Relextive (titanium dioxide) or Absorptive, Phosphor (varying thickness) and Protective (plastic) |
|
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Term
| T/F Rare earth phosphors absorb and convert X-Rays more efficiently than conventional phosphor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enemy of Sharpnes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Reflective Layer account for? |
|
Definition
| Shorter exposure time, but not as sharp. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Intensifying Factor? |
|
Definition
| IF = Exposure requires w/o screens/Exposure required w/ screens (Typically IF's range is from 30-50) |
|
|
Term
| What is the end result of the difference between Direct and Screen Film? |
|
Definition
| 1/50 amount of radiation with the same amount of Blackening with screen film. |
|
|
Term
| What is Absorption Efficiency/ |
|
Definition
| Percentage of X-Ray Photons absorbed by the screen. |
|
|
Term
| What is Conversion Eficiency? |
|
Definition
| How many light photons are produced by each absorbed X-Ray (ration light liberated to X-Ray energy absorbed) |
|
|
Term
| Calcium Tungstate produces light in what spectral region? |
|
Definition
| Blue (can be used with standard X-Rays, Quck Glow, min Afterglow, 3-5% Conversion Efficiency) |
|
|
Term
| T/F Film that is Double Sided with be Faster, but not as Sharp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Increases size of phosphor crystals and thickness of the layer equals what? |
|
Definition
| More photons absorbed emitting more light per unit time. |
|
|
Term
| T/F Speed of Calcium Tungstate screen is inversely related to its ability to record detail? |
|
Definition
| TRUE, Higher Speed = Less Detail |
|
|
Term
| What does a absorbing layer and dye in the phosphor layer cause? |
|
Definition
| Decreased Screen Speed, Increased Recorded Detail and Patient Dose |
|
|
Term
| What do Podiatrist have to deal with concerning cassettes that most doctors don't? |
|
Definition
| Almost all X-Rays are taking weight-bearing that eventually cause cassette warping. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 Rare Earth Elements used with film? |
|
Definition
| Gadolinium, Lanthanum Oxy..., and Yttrium Oxysulfide |
|
|
Term
| T/F The X-Ray to light conversion efficiency of Rare Earth Phosphors is significantly greater than calcium tungstate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Conversion Efficiency of Rare Earth Elements? |
|
Definition
| 20% (compared to 5% of Calcium Tungstate) |
|
|
Term
| What colors of light do the Rare Earth Elements emit? |
|
Definition
| Gadolinium = Green light, Lanthanum = Blue light and Gadolinium + Yttrium = Blue/Green light. |
|
|
Term
| T/F Lanthanum = Lower Conversion efficiency? |
|
Definition
| FALSE, 60% as opposed to 5-40% |
|
|
Term
| T/F Rare Earth can give just as detailed images as the Fine Detail mediums? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why don't they us Rare Earth Elements all the time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color of light do you use for Blue or Green sensitive films? |
|
Definition
| Amber or Red respectively |
|
|
Term
| What is important to match with the Rare Elements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of Screen film? |
|
Definition
| Enhanced light sensitivity, Higher contrast, short gray scale & latitued. Singles are cheaper, better detail, but slower. Doubles are the opposite. |
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of Non-screen Film? |
|
Definition
| Enhances X-Ray sensitivity, Thick emulsion than screen, lower contrast, long gray scale & latitiud, but Greater detail than Screen Film (requires 20-50 times more exposure) |
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