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| Broadcasting that is targeted to one small sector of the population |
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| A term for sensationalistic, irresponsible journalism |
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| An interpretation of campaign events or election results that is most favorable to the candidate’s campaign strategy |
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| A political campaign adviser who tries to convince journalists of the truth of a particular interpretation of events |
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| Powers specifically granted to the national government by the Constitution |
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| Powers that national government takes on because they are “implied” |
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| Personal work for constituents by member for Congress |
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| A legislator who is an agent of the voters who elected him and who votes according to the views of constituents regardless of personal assessments |
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| In regard to a legislator, one who acts according to her or his conscience and the broad interests of the entire society, a.k.a. Burkean Approach |
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| Key Differences between House and Senate (election process, term length, size, rules, debate time, amount of prestige, what they do, leadership, partisanship) |
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(Think of House as young, crazy guys and Senate as old, calm guys)
-House: chosen from local districts, 2 year term, large - 435, more rules, limited debate, less prestige and individual notice, originates bills for raising revenues, local leadership, more partisan.
-Senate: chosen from entire state, 6 year term, small - 100, less rules, extended debate, more prestige and media attn, power to advise president on presidential appointments and treaties, national leadership, less party loyalty |
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| Things added to bills that would not pass on their own. Riders normally don’t have anything to do with the bill. Example: tax break for farmers (rider) included on a Defense Bill |
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| Process of delivering resources or goods to your specific district |
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| Refers to the deal making among Congressmen, example: trading votes, “you vote for space center in my district and I’ll vote for Navy base in your district,” “you scratch my back; I’ll scratch your back.” |
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| A formal declaration by a legislative committee that a certain amount of funding may be available to an agency. Some authorizations terminate in a year; others are renewable automatically without further congressional action. |
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| Judge-made law that originated in England from decisions shaped according to prevailing customs. Decisions were applied to similar situations and thus gradually became common to the nation. |
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| A court rule bearing on subsequent legal decisions in similar cases. Judges rely on precedents in deciding cases. |
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| To stand on decided cases; the judiciary policy of following precedents established by past decisions. |
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| An order issued by a higher court to a lower court to send up the record of a case for review. It is the principal vehicle for United States Supreme Court review. |
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| A United States Supreme Court procedure according to which four justices must vote to hear a case in order for the case to come before the full Court. |
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| The power of the Supreme Court or any court to declare unconstitutional federal or state laws and other acts of government |
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| Why was Congress Created? |
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| Control tyranny, balance power between large and small states (through bicameralism) |
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| What are the functions of Congress? |
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| Lawmaking, casework, representing, oversight, public education, conflict resolution (Congress gets the last word in debates) |
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| The allocation of seats in the House of Representatives to each state after each census |
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| The redrawing of the boundaries of the congressional districts within a state |
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| A permanent committee in the House or Senate that considers bills within a certain subject area |
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| A temporary legislative committee established for a limited time period and for a special purpose |
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| A legislative committee composed of members from both chambers of Congress |
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| A special joint committee appointed to reconcile differences when bills pass the two chambers of Congress in different forms |
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| Speaker of the House, House Majority Leader, House Minority Leader, House Majority Whip, House Minority Whip |
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| Leadership in the Senate: |
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| President of Senate (V.P. - ceremonial), President pro tem of Senate, Majority Floor Leader, Minority Floor Leader, Senate Majority Whip, Senate Minority Whip |
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| Federal Court System Hierarchy: |
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| U.S. District Courts (94 Courts), then U.S. Court of Appeals (13 Courts - 13th is Federal Circuit), then Supreme Court |
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| A separate opinion prepared by a judge who supports the decision of the majority of the court but how wants to make or clarify a particular point or to voice disapproval of the grounds on which the decision was made. |
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| A separate opinion in which a judge dissents from (disagrees with) the conclusion reached by the majority of the court and expounds his or her own views about the case. |
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| To declare that a court ruling is valid and must stand |
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| To annul or make void a court ruling on account of some error or irregularity |
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| To send a case back to the court that originally heard it |
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| A doctrine holding that the Supreme Court should take an active role in using its powers to check the activities of Congress, state legislatures, and administrative agencies when those government bodies exceed their authority |
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| A doctrine holding that the Supreme Court should defer to the decisions made by the elected representatives of the people in the legislative and executive branches |
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| Executive Checks on Judiciary |
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| Judicial Implementation, Appointments |
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| Executive Checks on Judiciary |
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| Judicial Implementation, Appointments |
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| Legislative Checks on Judiciary |
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| Appropriation of funds to carry out rulings, Constitutional Amendments, Amending laws to overturn rulings |
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| Tradition of restraint, narrow focus of judicial questions, stare decisis |
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| The responsibility Congress has for following up on laws it has enacted to ensure that they are being enforced and administered in the way Congress intended |
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