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Opt 211 Pathology
Test 3 Cardiac Disease
24
Other
Not Applicable
10/30/2007

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Cards

Term
What is the most common side of heart failure?
Definition
left side
Term
What are shunts and what are the most common types in the heart?
Definition
Shunts are connections of blood that shouldn't be there.  Left to right are the most common.
Term
What is the chronic inflammatory disorder of the intima of large blood vessels characterized by the formation of fibrofatty plaques callled atheroma?
Definition
atherosclerosis
Term
What do you call a sporadic heartbeat in a quivering irregular pattern?
Definition
fibrillation
Term
What type of heart failure is constrictive pericarditis an example of?
Definition
diastolic heart failure
Term
What is the most common reason for pump failure in the heart?
Definition
myocardial hypertrophy
Term

What type of shunts are associated with polycythemia, hypertrophic osteoathropathy, and paradoxical emboli?  They also typeically caused by tetralogy of Fallot or transposition of great vessels are are cyanotic from the outset.

Definition
Right-to-left shunts, the less common
Term
What types of shunts result in chronic right sided pressure and volume overload?
Definition
left-to-right shunts, the more common lesion that produces CHF
Term
What is a discrete focus of ischemic necrosis (coagulation necrosis) in the heart that occurs when myocardial ischemia is prolonged for more than 20 or 30 minutes?
Definition
myocardial infarction
Term
What is the most important cause of death in myocardial infarction and happens 85% of the time?
Definition
arrhythmias , either acute or chronic.  They are often reversible and go away when the edema and inflammation disappear.
Term
What blood protein has been shown to have a very good predictive value for an early MI?
Definition
troponin T
Term
Is cardiac troponin the same as troponin in the skeletal muscles?
Definition
No.  It is its own isotype
Term
Which enzymes rise after MI?
Definition

1)  CPK  1-2 hrs. after the event
2)  AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
3)  LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), lasts the longest 6-12.

Term
What is the most common coronary artery to infarct?
Definition
Left anterior descending coronary artery
Term

What type of coronary artery occlusion gives you a posterior lateral infarct?

Definition
Left circumflex coronary artery
Term
What type of coronary artery occlusion gives you a posterior septal infarct?
Definition
Right coronary artery occlusion
Term
What considered an at risk LDL level for IHD?
Definition
160 mg/dL or above
Term
What is considered an at risk HDL level for IHD?
Definition
35 mg/dL or below
Term
Ischemia due to thromboembolytic formation can result in ______ retinal, ______ retinal, and _________ occlusion.
Definition
central retinal, branch retinal, choroidal
Term
What type of disease is a Hollenhorst plaque associated with?
Definition
carotid occlusive disease
Term
What medication should a patient with CHF never take?
Definition
NSAIDS

thiazolidenediones

metformin
Term
What cycle will be the problem with any type of structural or functional heart abnormality?
Definition
systolic failure
Term
What part of the heart cycle will be undergoing problems when filling the heart is a problem?
Definition
diastolic heart failure
Term
What is arteriosclerosis?
Definition
a thickening or loss of elasticity of the arterial walls.  Like a bad hose, they're dried up.  It's the greatest morbidity and mortality of all human diseases via narrowing and weakening of the blood vessels.
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