Term
| What do you call lipid laden macrophages found in the fatty streaks in the epithelial cell wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call the aggregation of lipid rich macrophages and T-lymphocytes that populate the inner wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can HDL remove cholesterol from the arterial plaques and take it back to the liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| When people become obese, what do their fat cells make less of? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much blockage is required before a patient will have symptoms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the drug of choice in treating hypertension? |
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Definition
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Term
| How high must the diastolic reading be for cotton wool spots to form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the signs of hypertensive retinopathy? |
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Definition
1) cotton Wool Spots
2. Flame shaped hemorrhages
3. Macular edema (rare)
4) Marcular stary/ring of exudates
5) Disc edema-A pattient manifesting disc edema from hypertension has malignant hypertension and this should be considerede an emergency. |
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Term
At what diastolic value does autoregulation break down? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common manifestation of HTN in the eye? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call arteriovenous crossing changes with venous constriction and banking such that the veins actually press on each other? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call areterioles in which the central light reflex occupies most of the width of the areteriole? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call areterioles in which the central light reflex occupies all of the width of the arteriole? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the signs of hypertensive retinopathy? |
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Definition
1) arteiolar narrowing from grades 1-4, 1 being normal, 4 being threadlike to invisible
2) AV nicking
3) arteriolar color changes |
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Term
| What are the signs of hypertensive retinopathy? |
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Definition
1) Ischemic changes
2) Cotton wool spots
3) hemorrhages
4) edema
5) macular stars
6) papilledema
7) visual acuity loss |
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Term
| How is diabetic retinopathy different from hypertensive retinopathy? |
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Definition
| Hypertensive retinopathy exhibits a drier retina with flame shaped hemmorahages rather than dot and blot hemorrhages |
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Term
| What about the anatomy of the choriocapillaris makes it especially sensitive to hypertension? |
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Definition
| The choriocapillaris is thin and highly fenestrated. |
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Term
| What about the choroid makes it more sensitive than the retina to hypertension? |
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Definition
| Unlike the retina, the choroidal vessels are not autoregulated. |
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Term
| What are two common manifestations of hypertensive choroidopathy? |
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Definition
1) Elschnig's spot
2) Siegrist's streak |
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Term
What is a fusiform Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm shaped like? |
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Definition
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Term
| What should you suspect when you observe localized isolated leakage over a retinal artery bifurcation. |
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Definition
| Retinal Arterial Macroaneuysm |
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Term
| What does a pulsating Retinal arterial macroaneurysm indicate? |
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Definition
| a thin wall that is likely to rupture |
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Term
| What is the typical BP in a patient who develops papilledema from hypertension? |
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Definition
| 250/150 mm Hg (malignant hypertension) |
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Term
| Would you do a fluroscein angiography in a case of hypertensive retinopathy? |
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Definition
| No, this yields no diagnostic information |
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Term
| What are the steps in atherosclerosis? |
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Definition
| cholesterol-fatty streak-atheroma-ulceration-thrombus-plaques |
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