Term
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Definition
| attempts 2 identify elements critical to reaching common goals by explaining ind. & grp behavior w/in orgs and by focusing on frmal and infrml structures, internal dynamics, personal needs, & responses to external environment. |
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Term
| Four Major Areas of Org Theory |
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Definition
Formal-Classical
Human Relations
Organizational Humanism
Modern Org Theory |
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Term
| The Formal-Calssical School |
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Definition
-1930s
Smith, Wilson, Taylor, Fayol, Weber, Gulick & Urwick
focuses on structure & scientific inquiry
vertical hierarchy as a means of maintaining administrative control. |
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Term
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Definition
Classical Formal
1776 Wealth of Nations
on division of labor |
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Definition
1887 The Study of Administration
divided govt into 2 spheres:
politics-administration dichotomy
administration as business
separate from politics
promoted a well trained civil service workforce hired on merit |
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Term
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Definition
1903 Shop Management
-founder of principles of scientific management: EFFICIENCY, RATIONALITY,PRODUCTIVITY, PROFIT
-focused on time & motion studies; |
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Term
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Definition
1916 General & Industrial Managment
principles of management
1. Forecast & Plan
2. Organize
3. Command
4. Coodinate
5. Control
Later w/ Fayol, Willoughby developed themes for principles:
1. Unity of Command
2. Hierarchy
3. Functional Specialization
4. Narrow Span of Control
5. Authority Parallel with Responsibility
6. Rational Org Arrangement |
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Term
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Definition
1922 Bureaucracy
Charactersitics of bureaucracy
"ideal type"
1. Division of labor & functional specialization
2. Hierarchy - a clear vertical chain of command
3. Formal Rules & Procedures
4. Maintenance of Records & Files
5. Professionalism - neutral decision-making
TYPES OF AUTHORITY
1. Rational - Legal
2. Traditional
3. Charismatic |
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Term
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Definition
1937 Notes on the Theory of Organizations
7 Principles of Administration
POSDCORB
Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting |
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Term
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Definition
| a formal theory of org. dev. by F. W. Taylor in the early 1900s, concerned w/ achieving: efficiency in production, rational work procedures, maximum productivity, and profit. |
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Term
| The Human Relations School |
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Definition
1920s-1940s
Parker-Follett, Mayo, Maslow, McGregor
Focused on human behavior & the context in which it occurs |
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Term
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Definition
1926 The Giving of Orders
-focuses on power with as opposed to power over
- anticipated more participatory mngmt
-promoted self-governing principle: later became known as the self-governing team |
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Term
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Definition
1924-1932 Hawthorne Studies
-Led to new thinking re: relationship btw work environment, human motivation, and productivity.
Hawthorne Effect (aka Halo Effect)
tendency of those being observed to change thier behavior to meet the expectations of researchers. |
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Term
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Definition
1943 A Theory of Human Motivation
-Hierarchy of Needs
1. pysiological Needs
2. safety
3. belonging
4. esteem
5. self-actualizing |
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Term
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Definition
1930s-1950s
focuses on structure & scientific inquiry
Barnard, Merton, Simon, Selznick |
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Term
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Definition
1938 Functions of the Executive
persuasion thru incentives = cooperation
ZONE OF ACCEPTANCE/ZONE OF INDIFFERENCE
if the IND's values conflict with the ORGs values, leadership will not be successful.
According to Barnard: Informal orgs are necessary to the operation of communication, cohesion, and of protecting integrity of the organization. |
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Term
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Definition
1940 Bureaucratic Structure & Personality
critiqued Weber's ideal type |
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Term
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Definition
1948 Inro to the Study of Pub Admin
3 Arguments Against Centralization
1. Certain matters may be better handled at the local level
2. Admins at the center may act in arbitrary & capricious manner
3. Centralization will not permit citizens to gain experience in their civic responsiblity |
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Term
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Definition
1946 The Proverbs of PA
-critiques Gulick & Urwick's principles
-not all principles will apply to every org.
1957 Models of Man
-the rational ind. is, and must be, an organized and institutionalized ind.
1967 The Shape of Automation for Men & Mngmnt
-decision-making: intelligence, design, choice
The Administrative Man, while seeking rationality, recognizes the limits of his capacity for rational behavior. = BOUNDED RATIONALITY |
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Term
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Definition
1948 The Administrative State
traced the dev. of the field of PA and argued that it had a poltical base. Contextualized the approached of Wilson & Taylor. |
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Term
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Definition
1949 Power & Admininstration
power as the lifeblood of administration |
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Term
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Definition
Called for greater participation, responsibility, and self-management
McGregor, Blake-Mouton, Golembiewski, Argyris, Hertzberg |
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Term
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Definition
1957 The Human Side of Enterprise
Theory X Theory Y
Applies concept of self-fulfilling prophecies to org behavior |
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Term
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Definition
1964
Developed to examine styles of leadership behavior according to 2 key dimensions
1. convern for production (focus on results, bottom line, performance, etc)
2. concern for people (focus on job satisfaction, working cond. wages, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
1957 Personality & Organization
-asserts there is an inherent conflict btw the personality of a MATURE adult & the needs of modern organization
1962 Interpersonal Competence & Organizational Effectiveness
-asserts there is no one predetermined correct way to behave as a leader = reality centered leadership |
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Term
| The New Public Administration |
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Definition
Minnowbrook 1968
Movt led by conference upstate NY
Ended politics-admin dichotomy
Admin do & SHOULD make
Brought equity to the forefront of discussion.
SOCIAL EQUITY
"The purpose of the public organization is the reduction of economic, social, & psychic suffering & the enhancement of life opportunites for those inside & outside the org." LaPorte 1971 |
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Term
| The New Public Management |
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Definition
"reinventing government"
1970s fiscal crisis led to a call for govt that works better and costs less!
1992 Reinventing Government by David Osborne & Ted Gaebler introduced 10 principles for "public entrepreneaurs" to bring about reform. |
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Term
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Definition
Denhardt & Denhardt (2000; 2003)
The New Public Service draws its inspiration from:
(1) democratic political theory (esp. connection btw citizens & govt)
(2) alternative approaches to mngmt & org design growing from a more humanistic tradition |
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